Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stiurijaną

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 This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *steurō, *stiurijō (“steering, rudder”) +‎ *-janą. The first element is of uncertain origin:

  • Traditionally, from Proto-Indo-European *stew-r- ~ *stēw-r-, but this is now reconstructed as *steh₂-w-r-, from the adjective *steh₂urós based on a *w-extension of *steh₂- (“to stand, be firm”) (see *stāną), and is thus phonetically impossible.
  • More likely, from *(s)twerH- (“to turn, twist, stir, agitate; to propel”), whence also *þweraną and Western *sturjan, *staurijan, with vowel/semivowel metathesis (*-wer- > *-ewr-). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈstiu̯.ri.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*stiurijaną

  1. to direct, steer

Inflection

Conjugation of *stiurijaną (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *stiurijō *stiurijaų — *stiurijai ?
2nd singular *stiurīsi *stiurijais *stiurī *stiurijasai *stiurijaisau
3rd singular *stiurīþi *stiurijai *stiurijaþau *stiurijaþai *stiurijaiþau
1st dual *stiurijōs *stiurijaiw — — —
2nd dual *stiurijaþiz *stiurijaiþiz *stiurijaþiz — —
1st plural *stiurijamaz *stiurijaim — *stiurijanþai *stiurijainþau
2nd plural *stiurīþ *stiurijaiþ *stiurīþ *stiurijanþai *stiurijainþau
3rd plural *stiurijanþi *stiurijain *stiurijanþau *stiurijanþai *stiurijainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *stiuridǭ *stiuridēdį̄
2nd singular *stiuridēz *stiuridēdīz
3rd singular *stiuridē *stiuridēdī
1st dual *stiuridēdū *stiuridēdīw
2nd dual *stiuridēdudiz *stiuridēdīdiz
1st plural *stiuridēdum *stiuridēdīm
2nd plural *stiuridēdud *stiuridēdīd
3rd plural *stiuridēdun *stiuridēdīn
present past
participles *stiurijandz *stiuridaz

Descendants

References

  1. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*steurjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 377
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*steurjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 479
  3. ^ Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “steer”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*steur(j)an ~ *steurō”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 377
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