Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stummaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *stm̥Hnós, from Proto-Indo-European *stemH- (“to push, inhibit, stutter, stammer”); see *stammaz (“stammering”) for more.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈstum.mɑz/

Adjective

*stummaz

mute

Inflection

Declension of *stummaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*stummaz	*stummō	*stummą, -atō	*stummai	*stummôz	*stummō
accusative	*stummanǭ	*stummǭ	*stummą, -atō	*stummanz	*stummōz	*stummō
genitive	*stummas, -is	*stummaizōz	*stummas, -is	*stummaizǫ̂	*stummaizǫ̂	*stummaizǫ̂
dative	*stummammai	*stummaizōi	*stummammai	*stummaimaz	*stummaimaz	*stummaimaz
instrumental	*stummanō	*stummaizō	*stummanō	*stummaimiz	*stummaimiz	*stummaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*stummô	*stummǭ	*stummô	*stummaniz	*stummōniz	*stummōnō
accusative	*stummanų	*stummōnų	*stummô	*stummanunz	*stummōnunz	*stummōnō
genitive	*stumminiz	*stummōniz	*stumminiz	*stummanǫ̂	*stummōnǫ̂	*stummanǫ̂
dative	*stummini	*stummōni	*stummini	*stummammaz	*stummōmaz	*stummammaz
instrumental	*stumminē	*stummōnē	*stumminē	*stummammiz	*stummōmiz	*stummammiz

Related terms

*stammaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *stumm
- Old Frisian: stumm, stum
  - North Frisian: stomm, stamm
  - Saterland Frisian: stum
  - West Frisian: stom
- Old Saxon: stumm, stum
  - Middle Low German: stum
    - Low German: stumm
    - Plautdietsch: stomm
    - → Swedish: stum
- Old Dutch: *stumm
  - Middle Dutch: stomm, stom
    - Dutch: stom
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: stom
      - Negerhollands: stom
      - → English: stum, stoom
      - → Papiamentu: stom (dated)
    - West Flemish: stum
- Old High German: stumm, stumb, stum
  - Middle High German: stum
    - German: stumm
    - Luxembourgish: stomm
    - Yiddish: שטום (shtum)
      - → English: shtum

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*stumma-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 487

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*stumma-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 487