Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/upanaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

Etymology

Seemingly the past participle of a verb *eupaną, *ūpaną, (though no other evidence of such a verb exists), with said verb being derived from *upp (“up”) and thus originally meaning "lying on top" > "clear, open".

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈu.pɑ.nɑz/

Adjective

*upanaz

open

Inflection

Declension of *upanaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*upanaz	*upanō	*upaną, -atō	*upanai	*upanôz	*upanō
accusative	*upananǭ	*upanǭ	*upaną, -atō	*upananz	*upanōz	*upanō
genitive	*upanas, -is	*upanaizōz	*upanas, -is	*upanaizǫ̂	*upanaizǫ̂	*upanaizǫ̂
dative	*upanammai	*upanaizōi	*upanammai	*upanaimaz	*upanaimaz	*upanaimaz
instrumental	*upananō	*upanaizō	*upananō	*upanaimiz	*upanaimiz	*upanaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*upanô	*upanǭ	*upanô	*upananiz	*upanōniz	*upanōnō
accusative	*upananų	*upanōnų	*upanô	*upananunz	*upanōnunz	*upanōnō
genitive	*upaniniz	*upanōniz	*upaniniz	*upananǫ̂	*upanōnǫ̂	*upananǫ̂
dative	*upanini	*upanōni	*upanini	*upanammaz	*upanōmaz	*upanammaz
instrumental	*upaninē	*upanōnē	*upaninē	*upanammiz	*upanōmiz	*upanammiz

Derived terms

*upanōną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *opan
- Old English: open
  - Middle English: open, opyn, ope
    - Scots: appen, apen
    - English: open
- Old Frisian: open, epen
  - Saterland Frisian: eepen
  - West Frisian: iepen
- Old Saxon: opan, open
  - Middle Low German: open, apen
    - Low German: open, apen
- Old Dutch: opan
  - Middle Dutch: ōpen, apen (dialectal)
    - Dutch: open
      - Afrikaans: oop
      - Negerhollands: open, hopo
        → Virgin Islands Creole: hopo
      - →? Aukan: obo
    - Limburgish: aop
- Old High German: offan, ophan, ofan
  - Middle High German: offen
    - Alemannic German: offe
    - German: offen
    - Yiddish: אָפֿן (ofn)
Old Norse: opinn
- Icelandic: opinn
- Faroese: opin
- Norwegian Nynorsk: open
- Old Swedish: ypin
  - Swedish: öppen
- Danish: åben
  - Norwegian Bokmål: åpen

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Heidermanns, Frank (1993) “upana-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica; 33) (in German), Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 639f
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*upanaz ~ *upenaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 435

[Heid-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Heidermanns, Frank (1993) “upana-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica; 33) (in German), Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 639f

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*upanaz ~ *upenaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 435