Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/upp

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

The form is from either *ub + a nasal affix representing an earlier *up-nó, related to *uppai (earlier *up-nóy) and *ubanē; or by analogy with *uppai.^[1]

• IPA^(key): /upː/

*upp

1. up, upwards

• *ub
• *ubanē
• *upanaz
• *uppai

• *upp-
  • *upphiminaz
• *uppijaną

Gothic shows a peculiar full-grade *eup-, while West Germanic (minus Anglo-Frisian) shows a secondary "full-grade" *ūp(ą) (German auf); for the same treatment compare *īn(ą) (German ein) and *ūt(ą) (German aus).

• Old English: upp, up
  • Middle English: up, upp, ap
    • English: up
    • Scots: up
    • Yola: ap, up
• Old Frisian: uppa, oppa, up, op
  • North Frisian:
    • Sylt: üp
  • Saterland Frisian: op, ap
  • West Frisian: op
• Old Saxon: ūp
  • Middle Low German: up
    • Low German: up, op
• Old Dutch: ūp
  • Middle Dutch: op
    • Dutch: op, (dialectal) oep
    • West Flemish: up, ip
• Old High German: ūf
  • Middle High German: ūf
    • Alemannic German: uf, ufe
    • Bavarian: aaf, auf

      Cimbrian: af

    • German: auf
    • Vilamovian: u̇f
    • Yiddish: אויף (oyf)
  • Old Rhine Franconian: uf
    • Middle Rhine Franconian: uf
      • Rhine Franconian: uff, off

        Pennsylvania German: uff

        Hunsrik: uff

  • Old Central Franconian: *up
    • Middle Central Franconian: up
      • Central Franconian: op

        Kölsch: op

• Old Norse: upp
  • Icelandic: upp
  • Faroese: upp
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: upp
  • Old Swedish: up
    • Swedish: upp
  • Danish: op
    • Norwegian Bokmål: opp
      • → Norwegian Nynorsk: opp
• Gothic: 𐌹𐌿𐍀 (iup)