Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wringaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Probably related to Lithuanian rangýti (“to writhe”), pointing to Proto-Indo-European *wrengʰ-. If related to Ancient Greek ῥίμφα (rhímpha, “quickly, fast”), the root is to be reconstructed as *wrengʷʰ-.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈwriŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*wringaną^[2]^[3]

to squeeze, twist, wring

Inflection

Conjugation of *wringaną (strong class 3)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*wringō	*wringaų	—	*wringai	?
2nd singular	*wringizi	*wringaiz	*wring	*wringazai	*wringaizau
3rd singular	*wringidi	*wringai	*wringadau	*wringadai	*wringaidau
1st dual	*wringōz	*wringaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*wringadiz	*wringaidiz	*wringadiz	—	—
1st plural	*wringamaz	*wringaim	—	*wringandai	*wringaindau
2nd plural	*wringid	*wringaid	*wringid	*wringandai	*wringaindau
3rd plural	*wringandi	*wringain	*wringandau	*wringandai	*wringaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*wrang	*wrungį̄
2nd singular	*wranht	*wrungīz
3rd singular	*wrang	*wrungī
1st dual	*wrungū	*wrungīw
2nd dual	*wrungudiz	*wrungīdiz
1st plural	*wrungum	*wrungīm
2nd plural	*wrungud	*wrungīd
3rd plural	*wrungun	*wrungīn

	present	past
participles	*wringandz	*wrunganaz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *wringan
- Old English: wringan
  - Middle English: wryngen, wringen
    - Scots: wryng, wring
    - English: wring
- Old Frisian: *wringa
  - Saterland Frisian: wringe
  - West Frisian: wringe
- Old Saxon: wringan
  - Middle Low German: wringen
    - German Low German: wringen, ringen
    - → German: wringen
- Old Dutch: *wringan
  - Middle Dutch: wringen
    - Dutch: wringen
      - Afrikaans: wring
    - Limburgish: wringe
- Old High German: ringan
  - Middle High German: ringen
    - German: ringen
    - Luxembourgish: réngen

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ῥίμφα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1286
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*wringan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 596
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*wrenʒanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 472

[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ῥίμφα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1286

[2] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*wringan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 596

[3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*wrenʒanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 472

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