Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰers-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ǵʰers-^[1]^[2]

(to be) stiff
(to be) surprised

Reconstruction notes

LIV and Mayrhofer reconstruct two separate roots *ǵʰers-^[3] and *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰers-^[4] for the material, but according to Lubotsky this isn't necessary as forms like Sanskrit घृषु (ghṛ́ṣu) can be explained by Weise's law (depalatalization before *r).^[5]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰers- (5 c, 0 e)

*ǵʰérs-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰáršati (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰr̥s-éh₁(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)^[2]
- Proto-Italic: *horzēō
  - Latin: horreō

*ǵʰr̥s-é-ti (tudati-type thematic root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥šáti
  - Proto-Iranian: *gr̥šáti (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰr̥s-yé-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰr̥šyáti (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰors-éye-ti (eye-causative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰaršáyati (see there for further descendants)

*ǵʰe-ǵʰórs-e ~ *ǵʰe-ǵʰr̥s-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: जाहृषाण (jāhṛṣāṇá, ptc.mid.)

? *ǵʰórs-ōs
- Proto-Italic: *horzōs
  - Latin: horror (or derived from horreō^[2])
*ǵʰers-to-s
- Proto-Italic: *herztos
  - Latin: hīrtus (“hairy, shaggy”) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵʰérs-o-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰérsos
  - Ancient Greek: χέρσος (khérsos)
Unsorted formations:
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ձառ (jaṙ)^[6]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: घृषु (ghṛ́ṣu)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Khotanese: (ysīra, “rough”)
    - Pashto: زيږ (ziģ, “rough, stiff”)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: हृष् (hṛṣ)

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “g̑hers-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 445-446
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “horreō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 290
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g̑ʰers-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 178
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*g^(u̯)hers-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 198
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “harṣ”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 221-222
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 200

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “g̑hers-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 445-446

[EDL-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “horreō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 290

[3] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g̑ʰers-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 178

[4] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*g^(u̯)hers-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 198

[5] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “harṣ”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 221-222

[6] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 200

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