Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵn̥h₃sḱéti

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *ǵneh₃- (“to recognise, to know”) +‎ *-sḱéti (durative verbal suffix).

Verb

*ǵn̥h₃sḱéti (imperfective)^[1]^[2]

to recognise

Inflection

Imperfective, thematic
3rd singular	*ǵn̥h₃sḱéti
3rd plural	*ǵn̥h₃sḱónti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóh₂	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóm	—	*ǵn̥h₃sḱṓh₂	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁m̥
2nd singular	*ǵn̥h₃sḱési	*ǵn̥h₃sḱés	*ǵn̥h₃sḱé	*ǵn̥h₃sḱḗsi	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóys
3rd singular	*ǵn̥h₃sḱéti	*ǵn̥h₃sḱét	*ǵn̥h₃sḱétu	*ǵn̥h₃sḱḗti	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóyt
1st dual	*ǵn̥h₃sḱówos	*ǵn̥h₃sḱówe	—	*ǵn̥h₃sḱṓwos	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóywe
2nd dual	*ǵn̥h₃sḱétes	*ǵn̥h₃sḱétom	*ǵn̥h₃sḱétom	*ǵn̥h₃sḱḗtes	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóytom
3rd dual	*ǵn̥h₃sḱétes	*ǵn̥h₃sḱétām	*ǵn̥h₃sḱétām	*ǵn̥h₃sḱḗtes	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóytām
1st plural	*ǵn̥h₃sḱómos	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóme	—	*ǵn̥h₃sḱṓmos	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóyme
2nd plural	*ǵn̥h₃sḱéte	*ǵn̥h₃sḱéte	*ǵn̥h₃sḱéte	*ǵn̥h₃sḱḗte	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóyte
3rd plural	*ǵn̥h₃sḱónti	*ǵn̥h₃sḱónt	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóntu	*ǵn̥h₃sḱṓnti	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁n̥t

Participle	*ǵn̥h₃sḱónts
Middle voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóh₂er	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóh₂e	—	*ǵn̥h₃sḱṓh₂er	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₂e
2nd singular	*ǵn̥h₃sḱéth₂er	*ǵn̥h₃sḱéth₂e	*ǵn̥h₃sḱéso	*ǵn̥h₃sḱḗth₂er	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóyth₂e
3rd singular	*ǵn̥h₃sḱétor	*ǵn̥h₃sḱéto	*?	*ǵn̥h₃sḱḗtor	ǵn̥h₃sḱóyto, ǵn̥h₃sḱóyh₁o
1st dual	*ǵn̥h₃sḱówosdʰh₂	*ǵn̥h₃sḱówedʰh₂	—	*ǵn̥h₃sḱṓwosdʰh₂	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóywedʰh₂
2nd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
3rd dual	*?	*?	*?	*?	*?
1st plural	*ǵn̥h₃sḱómosdʰh₂	*ǵn̥h₃sḱómedʰh₂	—	*ǵn̥h₃sḱṓmosdʰh₂	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóymedʰh₂
2nd plural	*ǵn̥h₃sḱédʰh₂we	*ǵn̥h₃sḱédʰh₂we	*ǵn̥h₃sḱédʰh₂we	*ǵn̥h₃sḱḗdʰh₂we	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóydʰh₂we
3rd plural	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóntor	*ǵn̥h₃sḱónto	*?	*ǵn̥h₃sḱṓntor	*ǵn̥h₃sḱóyro

Participle	*ǵn̥h₃sḱómnos

Descendants

Proto-Albanian: *gnāska
- Albanian: njoh
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ճանաչեմ (čanačʻem), ճանաչենամ (čanačʻenam) — post-Classical (< earlier *ծանաչեմ (*canačʻem))
  - Armenian: ճանաչել (čanačʻel), ճանչնալ (čančʻnal) — Western Armenian
⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *gignṓskō (with secondary reduplication)
- Ancient Greek: γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́naHsćáti (with full-grade root)
- Proto-Iranian: *jnaHŝáti
  - Parthian: 𐫙𐫢𐫗𐫀𐫘 (ʿšnʾs /⁠išnās-⁠/, “to recognize, get to know”)
  - Old Persian: 𐎧𐏁𐎴𐎠𐎿𐎠𐎫𐎹 (x-š-n-a-s-a-t-y /⁠xšnāsātiy⁠/, 3sg.subj.)^[1]
    - Middle Persian:
      Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫢𐫗𐫀𐫘 (ʿšnʾs /⁠išnās-⁠/)
      
      Book Pahlavi script: (šnʾs /⁠šnās-⁠/)
      - Persian: شناختن (šenâxtan)
Proto-Italic: *gnōskō (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 169

[Ringe_2006-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[LIV-2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 169

[1]

[2]