Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱek-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Verb

*ḱek-^[1]^[2]

to be able, capable

Alternative reconstructions

*ḱekʷ-^[2]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱek- (21 c, 0 e)

*ḱék-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáčati
  - Proto-Iranian: *cáčati (“to be prepared, fit, ready”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱék-t ~ *ḱk-ént (athematic root aorist)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćákt ~ *ćačánt
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śákt ~ *śačánt
    - Vedic Sanskrit: शकत् (śákat, 3sg.subj.act.), शग्धि (śagdhí, 2sg.impv.act.)
      - ⇒ Vedic Sanskrit: शकेम (śakéma, 1pl.opt.act.) ('autonomous' thematic optative)
      - ⇒ Sanskrit: अशकत् (áśakat) (thematic aorist)

*ḱe-ḱók-e ~ *ḱe-ḱk-ḗr (reduplicated stative)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćaćā́ka ~ *ćaškŕ̥
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śaśā́ka ~ *śaṣkŕ̥
    - Sanskrit: शशाक (śaśā́ka, “to be strong; to be able”, 3sg.act.), शेकुर् (śekúr, 3pl.act.)
  - Proto-Iranian: *cacā́ka ~ *caškŕ̥
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬱𐬐𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀 (saškuštəma, “the best understanding”, ptc.pf.act.sup.)

*ḱí-ḱk-se-ti (i-reduplicated se-desiderative)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćíkšati (“to learn; to wish to be able”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱk-néw-ti (new-present)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćaknáwti (see there for further descendants)

*ḱk-yé-ti (ye-present)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćačyáti
  - Proto-Iranian: *cašyáti
    - Old Avestan: 𐬯𐬀𐬳𐬀𐬚𐬁 (saš́aθā, 2pl.pres.act.)

*ḱok-éye-ti (causative)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćāčáyati
  - Proto-Iranian: *cāčáyati (“to prepare; to make”) (see there for further descendants)

*ḱ-né-k-ti ~ *ḱ-n̥-k-énti (nasal infix)^[2]
- Proto-Celtic: *kanketi
  - ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *kankilos
    - Celtiberian: *Kankilos
      - → Latin: Cancilus^[3]
  - ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *kanxtos^[4]^[1]
    - Old Irish: cécht (“might, strength”)

*ḱék-ih₂ ~ *ḱk-yéh₂-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćáčiH
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śáčiH
    - Sanskrit: शची (śácī, “might, strength, skill; aid, assistance”)

*ḱék-mn̥ ~ *ḱk-mén-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćákma
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śákma
    - Sanskrit: शक्मन् (śakman, “capacity, strength, power; help, aid”)

*ḱék-wr̥ ~ *ḱk-wén-s
- >? Proto-Celtic: *kʷekʷros^[5]^[6] (< *ḱekur-o-s)
  - Proto-Brythonic: *pebr
    - Cornish: pybyr (“lively, vigorous”)
  - Old Irish: cíchurda (“fierce, keen”)
  - >? Gaulish: *peccia^[5] (< *kʷekʷyā^[5] < *ḱeku-yo-s)
    - → Latin: Peccia

*ḱk-ró-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćakrás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śakrás
    - Sanskrit: शक्र (śakrá, “mighty, powerful”)

*ḱók-i-s ~ *ḱk-éy-s
- >? Proto-Germanic: *hugiz (“mind, thought, sense, understanding”)

*ḱok-ó-s
- Proto-Germanic: *hagaz (“abled, capable; suitable, comfortable”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *hagōną (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *hahtuz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćākás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śākás
    - Sanskrit: शाक (śāká, “mighty, powerful; helpful”)

*ḱók-o-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ćā́kas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *śā́kas
    - Sanskrit: शाक (śā́ka, “might, power; help, aid”)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: शक् (śak)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “k̑ak- (k̑ek-?)”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 522
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 ^2.8 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*k̑ek^(u̯)-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 322
^ Koch, John (2004) “*kekto-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kanxtV-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 189
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “peccia”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 247
^ Koch, John (2004) “*kʷekʷro-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

[IEW-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “k̑ak- (k̑ek-?)”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 522

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 ^2.8 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*k̑ek^(u̯)-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 322

[3] Koch, John (2004) “*kekto-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

[4] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kanxtV-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 189

[DLG-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “peccia”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 247

[6] Koch, John (2004) “*kʷekʷro-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

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