Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-us

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 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Suffix

    *(é)-us[1]

    1. Forms adjectives from Caland system roots.

    Inflection

    Older proterokinetic pattern:

    Athematic, proterokinetic
    masculine feminine
    nominative *(é)-us *(Ø)-éwih₂
    genitive *(Ø)-éws *(Ø)-uyéh₂s
    masculine singular dual plural
    nominative *(é)-us *(é)-uh₁(e) *(é)-ewes
    vocative *(é)-u *(é)-uh₁(e) *(é)-ewes
    accusative *(é)-um *(é)-uh₁(e) *(é)-ums
    genitive *(Ø)-éws *? *(Ø)-éwoHom
    ablative *(Ø)-éws *? *(Ø)-úmos, *(Ø)-úbʰos
    dative *(Ø)-éwey *? *(Ø)-úmos, *(Ø)-úbʰos
    locative *(Ø)-éw, *(Ø)-éwi *? *(Ø)-úsu
    instrumental *(Ø)-úh₁ *? *(Ø)-úmis, *(Ø)-úbʰis
    feminine singular dual plural
    nominative *(Ø)-éwih₂ *(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e) *(Ø)-éwih₂es
    vocative *(Ø)-éwih₂ *(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e) *(Ø)-éwih₂es
    accusative *(Ø)-éwih₂m̥ *(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e) *(Ø)-éwih₂m̥s
    genitive *(Ø)-uyéh₂s *? *(Ø)-uyéh₂oHom
    ablative *(Ø)-uyéh₂s *? *(Ø)-uyéh₂mos, *(Ø)-uyéh₂bʰos
    dative *(Ø)-uyéh₂ey *? *(Ø)-uyéh₂mos, *(Ø)-uyéh₂bʰos
    locative *(Ø)-uyéh₂, *(Ø)-uyéh₂i *? *(Ø)-uyéh₂su
    instrumental *(Ø)-uyéh₂h₁ *? *(Ø)-uyéh₂mis, *(Ø)-uyéh₂bʰis
    neuter singular dual plural
    nominative *(é)-u *(é)-wih₁ *(é)-uh₂
    vocative *(é)-u *(é)-wih₁ *(é)-uh₂
    accusative *(é)-u *(é)-wih₁ *(é)-uh₂
    genitive *(Ø)-éws *? *(Ø)-éwoHom
    ablative *(Ø)-éws *? *(Ø)-úmos, *(Ø)-úbʰos
    dative *(Ø)-éwey *? *(Ø)-úmos, *(Ø)-úbʰos
    locative *(Ø)-éw, *(Ø)-éwi *? *(Ø)-úsu
    instrumental *(Ø)-úh₁ *? *(Ø)-úmis, *(Ø)-úbʰis

    Later hysterokinetic pattern:[2]

    Athematic, hysterokinetic
    masculine feminine
    nominative *(Ø)-ús *(Ø)-éwih₂
    genitive *(Ø)-éws *(Ø)-uyéh₂s
    masculine singular dual plural
    nominative *(Ø)-ús *(Ø)-úh₁(e) *(Ø)-úes
    vocative *(Ø)-ú *(Ø)-úh₁(e) *(Ø)-úes
    accusative *(Ø)-úm *(Ø)-úh₁(e) *(Ø)-úms
    genitive *(Ø)-éws *? *(Ø)-éwoHom
    ablative *(Ø)-éws *? *(Ø)-éwmos, *(Ø)-éwbʰos
    dative *(Ø)-éwey *? *(Ø)-éwmos, *(Ø)-éwbʰos
    locative *(Ø)-éw, *(Ø)-éwi *? *(Ø)-éwsu
    instrumental *(Ø)-éwh₁ *? *(Ø)-éwmis, *(Ø)-éwbʰis
    feminine singular dual plural
    nominative *(Ø)-éwih₂ *(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e) *(Ø)-éwih₂es
    vocative *(Ø)-éwih₂ *(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e) *(Ø)-éwih₂es
    accusative *(Ø)-éwih₂m̥ *(Ø)-éwih₂h₁(e) *(Ø)-éwih₂m̥s
    genitive *(Ø)-uyéh₂s *? *(Ø)-uyéh₂oHom
    ablative *(Ø)-uyéh₂s *? *(Ø)-uyéh₂mos, *(Ø)-uyéh₂bʰos
    dative *(Ø)-uyéh₂ey *? *(Ø)-uyéh₂mos, *(Ø)-uyéh₂bʰos
    locative *(Ø)-uyéh₂, *(Ø)-uyéh₂i *? *(Ø)-uyéh₂su
    instrumental *(Ø)-uyéh₂h₁ *? *(Ø)-uyéh₂mis, *(Ø)-uyéh₂bʰis
    neuter singular dual plural
    nominative *(Ø)-ú *(Ø)-úyh₁ *(Ø)-úh₂
    vocative *(Ø)-ú *(Ø)-úyh₁ *(Ø)-úh₂
    accusative *(Ø)-ú *(Ø)-úyh₁ *(Ø)-úh₂
    genitive *(Ø)-éws *? *(Ø)-éwoHom
    ablative *(Ø)-éws *? *(Ø)-éwmos, *(Ø)-éwbʰos
    dative *(Ø)-éwey *? *(Ø)-éwmos, *(Ø)-éwbʰos
    locative *(Ø)-éw, *(Ø)-éwi *? *(Ø)-éwsu
    instrumental *(Ø)-éwh₁ *? *(Ø)-éwmis, *(Ø)-éwbʰis

    Derived terms

    Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-us

    See also

    References

    1. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
    2. ^ Lipp, Reiner (2009) Die indogermanischen und einzelsprachlichen Palatale im Indoiranischen: Neurekonstruktion, Nuristan-Sprachen, Genese der indoarischen Retroflexe, Indoarisch von Mitanni (Indogermanische Bibliothek; 3) (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Winter, page 27
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