Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yōs
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
For **-yoss (stem + nominative *-s). It was directly added to the e-grade root (if there was one) rather than to the stem of the adjective.
Suffix
*-(é)-yōs
- Forms adjectives from roots, meaning "very" or "rather".
Declension
| Athematic, amphikinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *-(é)-yōs | *-(∅)-yésih₂ | |
| genitive | *-(∅)-isés | *-(∅)-isyéh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-(é)-yōs | *-(é)-yosh₁(e) | *-(é)-yoses |
| vocative | *-(é)-yos | *-(é)-yosh₁(e) | *-(é)-yoses |
| accusative | *-(é)-yosm̥ | *-(é)-yosh₁(e) | *-(é)-yosm̥s |
| genitive | *-(∅)-isés | *? | *-(∅)-isóHom |
| ablative | *-(∅)-isés | *? | *-(∅)-ismós |
| dative | *-(∅)-iséy | *? | *-(∅)-ismós |
| locative | *-(∅)-yés, *-(∅)-yési | *? | *-(∅)-isú |
| instrumental | *-(∅)-iséh₁ | *? | *-(∅)-ismís |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-(∅)-yésih₂ | *-(∅)-yésih₂h₁(e) | *-(∅)-yésih₂es |
| vocative | *-(∅)-yésih₂ | *-(∅)-yésih₂h₁(e) | *-(∅)-yésih₂es |
| accusative | *-(∅)-yésih₂m̥ | *-(∅)-yésih₂h₁(e) | *-(∅)-yésih₂m̥s |
| genitive | *-(∅)-isyéh₂s | *? | *-(∅)-isyéh₂oHom |
| ablative | *-(∅)-isyéh₂s | *? | *-(∅)-isyéh₂mos |
| dative | *-(∅)-isyéh₂ey | *? | *-(∅)-isyéh₂mos |
| locative | *-(∅)-isyéh₂, *-(∅)-isyéh₂i | *? | *-(∅)-isyéh₂su |
| instrumental | *-(∅)-isyéh₂h₁ | *? | *-(∅)-isyéh₂mis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-(é)-yos | *-(é)-yosih₁ | *-(é)-yōs |
| vocative | *-(é)-yos | *-(é)-yosih₁ | *-(é)-yōs |
| accusative | *-(é)-yos | *-(é)-yosih₁ | *-(é)-yōs |
| genitive | *-(∅)-isés | *? | *-(∅)-isóHom |
| ablative | *-(∅)-isés | *? | *-(∅)-ismós |
| dative | *-(∅)-iséy | *? | *-(∅)-ismós |
| locative | *-(∅)-yés, *-(∅)-yési | *? | *-(∅)-isú |
| instrumental | *-(∅)-iséh₁ | *? | *-(∅)-ismís |
Usage notes
Adverbs were formed by using the stem, *-yos-, without any ending.
Derived terms
Category Proto-Indo-European adjectives suffixed with *-yōs not found
- *-is-ō ~ *-is-n-es
- *-is-tos
- *-is-(t)m̥mos
Descendants
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *-ьjь (accusative *-ьšь)
- Proto-Celtic: *-yūs, accusative *-(y)osam
- Proto-Hellenic: *-yōs (*-y- is lost in palatalization)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yās
- Proto-Italic: *-jōs
- Latin: -ior
See also
References
- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 164: “*-(i)sama”
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN