Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yōs

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 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

    For **-yoss (stem + nominative *-s). It was directly added to the e-grade root (if there was one) rather than to the stem of the adjective. This suffix was possibly innovated after Anatolian and Tocharian split off.[1]

    Suffix

    *-(é)-yōs[2]

    1. Forms adjectives from roots, meaning "very" or "rather".

    Declension

    Athematic, acrostatic
    masculine feminine
    nominative *-(é)-yōs *-(é)-yesih₂
    genitive *-(é)-isos *-(é)-isyeh₂s
    masculine singular dual plural
    nominative *-(é)-yōs *-(é)-yosh₁(e) *-(é)-yoses
    vocative *-(é)-yos *-(é)-yosh₁(e) *-(é)-yoses
    accusative *-(é)-yosm̥ *-(é)-yosh₁(e) *-(é)-yosm̥s
    genitive *-(é)-isos *? *-(é)-isoHom
    ablative *-(é)-isos *? *-(é)-ismos, *-(é)-isbʰos
    dative *-(é)-isey *? *-(é)-ismos, *-(é)-isbʰos
    locative *-(é)-yes, *-(é)-yesi *? *-(é)-isu
    instrumental *-(é)-ish₁ *? *-(é)-ismis, *-(é)-isbʰis
    feminine singular dual plural
    nominative *-(é)-yesih₂ *-(é)-yesih₂h₁(e) *-(é)-yesih₂es
    vocative *-(é)-yesih₂ *-(é)-yesih₂h₁(e) *-(é)-yesih₂es
    accusative *-(é)-yesih₂m̥ *-(é)-yesih₂h₁(e) *-(é)-yesih₂m̥s
    genitive *-(é)-isyeh₂s *? *-(é)-isyeh₂oHom
    ablative *-(é)-isyeh₂s *? *-(é)-isyeh₂mos, *-(é)-isyeh₂bʰos
    dative *-(é)-isyeh₂ey *? *-(é)-isyeh₂mos, *-(é)-isyeh₂bʰos
    locative *-(é)-isyeh₂, *-(é)-isyeh₂i *? *-(é)-isyeh₂su
    instrumental *-(é)-isyeh₂h₁ *? *-(é)-isyeh₂mis, *-(é)-isyeh₂bʰis
    neuter singular dual plural
    nominative *-(é)-yos *-(é)-yosih₁ *-(é)-yōs
    vocative *-(é)-yos *-(é)-yosih₁ *-(é)-yōs
    accusative *-(é)-yos *-(é)-yosih₁ *-(é)-yōs
    genitive *-(é)-isos *? *-(é)-isoHom
    ablative *-(é)-isos *? *-(é)-ismos, *-(é)-isbʰos
    dative *-(é)-isey *? *-(é)-ismos, *-(é)-isbʰos
    locative *-(é)-yes, *-(é)-yesi *? *-(é)-isu
    instrumental *-(é)-ish₁ *? *-(é)-ismis, *-(é)-isbʰis

    Usage notes

    Adverbs were formed by using the stem, *-yos-, without any ending.

    Derived terms

    Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-yōs

    Descendants

    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-jas
      • Proto-Slavic: *-jьjь (accusative *-jьšь)
    • Proto-Celtic: *-yūs, accusative *-(y)osam
      • Proto-Brythonic: *-ox (see there for further descendants)
      • Old Irish: -iu
    • Proto-Hellenic: *-yōs (*-y- is lost in palatalization)
      • Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn) (with -ν- (-n-) conflated from the *-isō variant)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yās
    • Proto-Italic: *-jōs

    See also

    References

    1. ^ Lundquist, Jesse, Yates, Anthony D. (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft ; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Proto-Indo-European, pages 2117-8
    2. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 361
    3. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 164: “*-(i)sama”
    4. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN
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