Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰe

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Particle

    *g(ʰ)e or *g(ʰ)o or *g(ʰ)i

    1. Postpositional intensifying particle: indeed, at any rate, in fact

    Reconstruction notes

    Dunkel splits the material in unaspirated and aspirated forms, though indicating that the Baltic particles can derive from both. See also *ǵʰí.

    Usage notes

    The particle was indeclinable in Proto-Indo-European. Some daughter languages, particularly Italic, added pronominal inflection later, as also occurred with the particles *de, *h₂ew, and *ḱe. This particle could either be postposed to the word it intensified (e.g. *Hyód-gʰe wóyde “that which he knows”) or that it otherwise modified (e.g. *né-gʰí “not at all, not indeed”), or it could begin discourse in which it is placed before everything else (e.g. *gʰí … “of course, …”). The presence or lack of aspiration as well as the ablaut grade appear to have been completely arbitrary, and may have been subject to dialectal variation.

    Derived terms

    • *gʰo-h₁
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Proto-Italic:
    • *h₂éw ge (see there for further descendants)
    • *né g(ʰ)o, *né g(ʰ)i (not at all, combined with *né) (compare *neǵʰí)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *negi
        • Latvian: nedz (neither, nor)
        • Lithuanian: nègi (not at all)
        • Old Prussian: neggi
      • Proto-Germanic:
        • Old Saxon: nec (neither)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:

    Descendants

    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ge (< *g(ʰ)e)
      • Proto-Slavic: *že (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *go (enclitic emphatic particle) (< *g(ʰ)o)
      • Old Lithuanian: -ga
      • Proto-Slavic: *-go (as in *jego, gen.sg. of *jь)
    • Proto-Germanic: *-k
    • Proto-Hellenic: *ge
      • Ancient Greek: γε (ge, at least, at any rate, only; in fact)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰa (< *gʰe), *gʰa (< *gʰo)
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *źʰa, *gʰa
        • Sanskrit: (ha), (gha) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *ho (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Tocharian: (< *g(ʰ)o)
      • Tocharian B: ka (just, scarcely)

    References

    1. ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) “-gó 'gerade, eben; wenigstens'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 279-283
    2. 2.0 2.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*-gʰo 'wahrlich, in der Tat'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 283-288
    3. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “hic, haec, hoc”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 284:PIt. *χo, *χa(-ī), *χod