Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/de

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 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Possibly related to *ád (“to”). Compare a similar relationship between *pó and *ap, both variants of *apó (“away”).[1]

Adverb

*de ~ *do or *-de ~ *-do[1]

  1. (pre- and postposition), to, towards
  2. Emphatic or contrastive particle, and, but[2]

Usage notes

The particle in Proto-Indo-European experienced ablaut between *de and *do but was otherwise indeclinable.

Derived terms

  • *de-h₁ (with instrumental suffix *-h₁)[3] (see there for further descendants)
  • *do-h₁ (with instrumental suffix *-h₁)[3]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dō
      • Proto-Slavic: *da (see there for further descendants)
      • Lithuanian: do
    • Proto-Germanic: *tō (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *-dō
      • Latin: (quan)dō (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic:
  • *(h₁)n̥-dó[4][5]

Descendants

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*dó”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, pages 148-56
  2. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, §17.3, page 249
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-dam, -dē, -dō, -dum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  4. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “endo, indu(-), indi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 189
  5. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἔνδον”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 421-422
  6. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*do”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 109
  7. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*do”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 102
  8. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “δέ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 307
  9. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “-δε”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 307
  10. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-de”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 162

Further reading

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