Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tō

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

From Proto-Indo-European *doh₁ (“to”), instrumental singular of *de (“to, towards”). Cognate with Russian до (do, “to”), Latvian da (“until, to”).^[1]

• IPA^(key): /tɔː/

*tō

1. (with accusative) to

• *ta

• Proto-West Germanic: *tō
  • Old English: tō, ti — Northumbrian
    • Middle English: to
      • English: to, too
      • Geordie English: te, tiv
      • Scots: tae
  • Old Frisian: tō, to
    • North Frisian: to, tö, tu
    • Saterland Frisian: tou
    • West Frisian: ta
    • ⇒ Old Frisian: tote, tot
  • Old Saxon: tō, tuo, thuo, te, ti
    • Middle Low German: tô
      • Low German: to
    • ⇒ Old Saxon: tōtō, tōte
      • Middle Low German: tôte, tote, tôt, tot
  • Old Dutch: tuo
    • Middle Dutch: toe, to, te
      • Dutch: toe
        • Afrikaans: toe
        • Jersey Dutch: tû
        • Negerhollands: tu, toe, due
    • ⇒ Old Dutch: tuote (< *tō + *ta)
      • Middle Dutch: tote, tot, toete, toet
        • Dutch: tot
          • Afrikaans: tot
          • Berbice Creole Dutch: tutu
          • Jersey Dutch: tut, tût
          • Negerhollands: tot, tee
        • Limburgish: tót
  • Old High German: zuo, za, zi
    • Middle High German: zuo
      • Cimbrian: zo
      • East Central German: zu
      • German: zu
      • Luxembourgish: zou, zu
      • Vilamovian: cy
      • Yiddish: צו (tsu)
    • ⇒ Old High German: zuoza, zuozi
      • Middle High German: zuoze