Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pénkʷe
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Usually explained as a derivation from the words for “fist” and “finger”:
- Proto-Indo-European *pn̥kʷ-sti-s (“fist”) > Proto-Germanic *funhstiz > *funstiz > Proto-West Germanic *fūsti (> Old English fȳst (“fist”), Old Frisian fest (“fist”), Old High German fūst (“fist”)); Proto-Slavic *pę̑stь, Lithuanian kumštis.
- Proto-Indo-European *penkʷ-ró-s (“finger”) > Proto-Germanic *fingraz (“finger”) (> Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃 (figgrs, “finger”), Old Norse fingr, Old English finger, Old High German finger)
Ultimately all of these forms may go back to a verbal stem *penkʷ- (“to take in hand, to handle”), though such a verb is not attested in any of the daughter languages. In contrast, Blažek (1999: 229) argues that the meanings “fist”, etc. are primary.[1] A relation to *ponkʷ-to- (“all, whole”) has also been suggested, possibly seen in Latin cūnctus and Hittite 𒉺𒀭𒆪𒍑 (pa-an-ku-uš, “family”), thus *pénkʷe meaning “the whole (hand)”.[2]
Numeral
| < 4 | 5 | 6 > |
|---|---|---|
| Cardinal : *pénkʷe Ordinal : *penkʷetós[3] | ||
*pénkʷe
Declension
Uninflected.
Descendants
- Proto-Albanian: *penče (see there for further descendants)
- Anatolian:
- Luwian: 𒉺𒀭𒋫 (paⁿta)
- Armenian:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pénki (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *kʷenkʷe (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *fimf (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pénkʷe (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pánča (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *kʷenkʷe (see there for further descendants)
- Messapic: 𐌐𐌄𐌍𐌊𐌀- (penka-)
- Phrygian: πινκε (pinke)
- Proto-Tocharian: *p'ä́ñćä[4] (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Franklin E. Horowitz (1992). “On the Proto-Indo-European etymon for ‘hand’.” WORD―Journal of the International Linguistic Association, 43(3), 411-419.
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell
- ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “piś”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 415-416
- Blažek, Václav (1999) Numerals: comparative-etymological analyses of numeral systems and their implications (Opera Universitatis Masarykianae Brunensis, Facultas philosophica; 322), Brno: Masarykova Univerzita
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