Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/upó

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

From *h₁ewp-, whence also Hittite (u-up-zi, “to rise (of the sun)”).^[1]

*upó

1. under, below

• *(s)up-s
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: sus-
• *(s)up-s-i
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ὕψι (húpsi)
• *(s)up-s-os ~ *(s)up-s-es-
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ὕψος (húpsos)
  • Proto-Celtic: *ouxsos (from full grade)
    • Old Irish: úas
    • ⇒ Proto-Celtic: *ouxselos
• *(s)up-tos
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: subtus
• *(s)up-ti-os
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ὕπτιος (húptios)
• *(s)up-iH-nos
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: supīnus
• *(s)up-ér(i)
• *(s)úp-m̥mo-s (“uppermost”)
  • Proto-Celtic: *uɸamos
    • Lepontic: 𐌖𐌅𐌀𐌌𐌏- (uvamo-)
  • Proto-Germanic: *ufumô (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *upamás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *upamás
      • Sanskrit: उपम (upamá, “uppermost”)
    • Proto-Iranian: *upamáh
      • Avestan: 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬨𐬀 (upama), 𐬎𐬞𐬆𐬨𐬀 (upəma, “uppermost, highest”)
  • Proto-Italic: *supemos
    • Latin: summus
• Miscellaneous formations
  • Albanian:
    • Proto-Albanian: *upela
      • Albanian: ubël
    • Proto-Albanian: *upera
      • Albanian: upri

• Proto-Celtic: *uɸo
  • Old Irish: fo, fu, fú
    • Irish: faoi
    • Manx: fo
    • Scottish Gaelic: fo
• Proto-Germanic: *ub (see there for further descendants)
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: ὑπό (hupó)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *úpa, *upa-
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *úpa, *upa-
    • Sanskrit: उप (úpa), उप- (upa-)
      • Hindi: उप- (up-)
• Proto-Italic: *supo
  • Latin: sub
  • Oscan: συπ (sup)^[2]
• Tocharian B: spe

• Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell
• De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1105
• Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “ger”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 207