Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/kapā́las

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *káp-ōl- (“*cup, bowl > head”), possibly from *kap- (“to seize, hold”).

Noun

*kapā́las m

(anatomy) skull

Declension

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kapā́las	*kapā́lā	*kapā́lā, -ās(as)
vocative	*kapā́la	*kapā́lā	*kapā́lā, -ās(as)
accusative	*kapā́lam	*kapā́lā	*kapā́lāns
instrumental	*kapā́lā	*kapā́laybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*kapā́lāyš
ablative	*kapā́lāt	*kapā́laybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*kapā́laybʰyas
dative	*kapā́lāy	*kapā́laybʰyaH, -ābʰyām	*kapā́laybʰyas
genitive	*kapā́lasya	*kapā́layās	*kapā́lāna(H)m
locative	*kapā́lay	*kapā́layaw	*kapā́layšu

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kapā́las
- Sanskrit: कपाल (kapā́la)
  - Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀓𑀯𑀸𑀟 (kavāḍa)
  - Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀓𑀯𑀮𑁆𑀮 (kavalla)
    - Old Marathi:
      - Marathi: कौल (kaul, “tile”)
  - Paisaci Prakrit:
    - Punjabi: ਕੌਲ (kaul, “bowl”), ਕੌਲੀ (kaullī)
  - Pali: kapāla, kapalla
    - → Old Khmer: កបាល (kapāla), ក្បាល (kpāla)
      - → Khmer: ក្បាល (kbaal)
    - → Lao: ກະບານ (ka bān)
    - → Thai: กบาล (gà-baan)
  - Prakrit:
    - Hindi: कपार् (kapār), कपाल् (kapāl)
    - Gujarati: કપાળ (kapāḷ)
Proto-Iranian: *kapā́lah
- Gurani: کاپۆڵیە (kāpɔłiya)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: kepû, kepî,
  
  Central Kurdish: کەپۆ (kepo), کەپۆڵ (kepoll), کەپۆڵِک (kepollik), کاپۆڵ (kapoll), کاپۆڵِک (kapollik)
  
  Southern Kurdish: کەپوو (kepû), کەپووڵ (kepûll), کەپووڵک (kepûllik)
  
  Laki: کەپووڵک (kepûllik)
- Lurish:
  Northern Luri: کںپوو (kəpu)

References

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “kapā́la”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press