Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/baywā́

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

The origin is uncertain; perhaps related to Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰúHriš (“abundant, plentiful”).

Noun

*baywā́^[1]^[2]^[3]

great multitude, myriad
(later, dialectal) ten thousand

Derived terms

*Baywr̥aspah^[4] (male personal name)
- Old Ossetic:
  - → Ancient Greek: Βαιόρασπος (Baióraspos)
- Old Persian: *Baivaraspah (literally “ ten thousand horses”) (male personal name)
  - Middle Persian:
    Book Pahlavi script: (Bywlʾsp' /⁠bēwarasp⁠/)^[5]
    
    Pazend script: 𐬠𐬀𐬈𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬁𐬯𐬞 (baeuuarāsp /⁠baevarāsp⁠/)
    - Classical Persian: بیوَرَاسْپ (bēwarāsp), بیوَرَاسْب (bēwarāsb)
      - Iranian Persian: بیوراسب (bivarâsb), بیوراسپ (bivarâsp)
    - → Old Armenian: Բիւրասպ (Biwrasp)

Descendants

Eastern Iranian:
- Younger Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 (baēuuar^ə)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian:
  - Old Ossetic:
    Alanic: βαιορ (baior), βαιορα (baiora)^[6]^[7]^[8]
    - Ossetian:
      Digor Ossetian: берӕ (beræ), беурӕ (bewræ)
      
      Iron Ossetian: би́рӕ (bíræ)
      - → Adyghe: бэрэ (bɛrɛ, “many times, a lot; long time”) (possibly)
    - → Ancient Greek: Βαιόρμαιος (Baiórmaios) (personal name from Olbia)
    - → Ancient Greek: Ὀυμβηούαρος (Oumbēoúaros) (personal name from Olbia)
    - → Ancient Greek: Βευραζούρια (Beurazoúria) (personal name from Mtskheta)
    - → Latin: Beorgus, Beorgor (5th c. Alanic king)
  - Proto-Saka: *baiwárəm
    - Khotanese: (byūrru)^[9]
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Bactrian: βηοαρο (bēoaro)
  - Sogdian: (/⁠βrḗwər⁠/)
    Imperial Aramaic script: (RYPW)
    
    Manichaean script: 𐫂𐫡𐫏𐫇𐫡 (βrywr), 𐫂𐫡𐫏𐫏𐫇𐫡 (βryywr)^[10]
    
    Old Sogdian script: 𐼂𐼘𐼊𐼇𐼘 (βrywr)
    
    Syriac script: ܒܪܝܘܪ
Northwestern Iranian:
- Parthian: 𐫁𐫏𐫇𐫡 (bywr /⁠bēwar⁠/)
  - → Old Armenian: բեւր (bewr), բիւր (biwr)
    - Armenian: բյուր (byur)
    - → Old Georgian: ბევრი (bevri) (or from Alanic)
      - Georgian: ბევრი (bevri)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: *baivaram
  - Middle Persian:
    Manichaean script: 𐫁𐫏𐫇𐫡 (bywr /⁠bēwar⁠/)
    Book Pahlavi script: (/⁠bēwar⁠/)
    Pazend script: 𐬠𐬀𐬈𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭 (baeuuar /⁠baevar⁠/)
    - Classical Persian: بیوَر (bēwar), بیوَار (bēwār)
      - Iranian Persian: بیور (bivar), بیوار (bivâr)
      - Tajik: бевар (bevar)
      - → Ottoman Turkish: بیور (bîver), بیوار (bîvâr)

References

^ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2007) “*baiu̯ar- / *baiu̯an-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 63–64
^ Bartholomae, Christian (1895–1901) “Vorgeschichte der iranischen Sprachen [Prehistory of the Iranian Languages]”, in Geiger, Wilhelm, Kuhn, Ernst, editors, Grundriß der iranischen Philologie [Outline of Iranian Philology] (in German), volume I, part I, Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, page 112
^ Bartholomae, Christian (1904) Altiranisches Wörterbuch [Old Iranian Dictionary]‎ (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, column 913
^ Hinz, Walther (1975) Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe III, Iranica; 3)‎ (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 62
^ Nyberg, H. S. (1974) “bēvar”, in A Manual of Pahlavi, Part II: Glossary, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 47b
^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2016) Einführung ins Ostmitteliranische [Introduction to East-Central Iranian]‎ (in German), Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
^ Abajev, V. I. (1958) Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, page 262
^ Abajev, V. I. (1949) Осетинский язык и фольклор I [Ossetian Language and Folklore I]‎ (in Russian), Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, pages 159–160
^ Bailey, H. W. (1979) Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 309
^ Gharib, B. (1995) “βryywr”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 111a

[1] Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2007) “*baiu̯ar- / *baiu̯an-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 63–64

[2] Bartholomae, Christian (1895–1901) “Vorgeschichte der iranischen Sprachen [Prehistory of the Iranian Languages]”, in Geiger, Wilhelm, Kuhn, Ernst, editors, Grundriß der iranischen Philologie [Outline of Iranian Philology] (in German), volume I, part I, Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, page 112

[3] Bartholomae, Christian (1904) Altiranisches Wörterbuch [Old Iranian Dictionary]‎ (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, column 913

[4] Hinz, Walther (1975) Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe III, Iranica; 3)‎ (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 62

[5] Nyberg, H. S. (1974) “bēvar”, in A Manual of Pahlavi, Part II: Glossary, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, page 47b

[6] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2016) Einführung ins Ostmitteliranische [Introduction to East-Central Iranian]‎ (in German), Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena

[7] Abajev, V. I. (1958) Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, page 262

[8] Abajev, V. I. (1949) Осетинский язык и фольклор I [Ossetian Language and Folklore I]‎ (in Russian), Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, pages 159–160

[9] Bailey, H. W. (1979) Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 309

[10] Gharib, B. (1995) “βryywr”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 111a

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