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 This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćárguš (“predatory animal”).

Noun

*cárguš m

  1. lion

Inflection

masculine u-stem
singular dual plural
nominative *cárguš *cárguH *cárgawah
vocative *cárgaw *cárguH *cárgawah
accusative *cárgum *cárguH *cárgunš
instrumental *cr̥ǰúH *cr̥ǰúbʰyā(m) *cr̥ǰúbʰiš
ablative *cr̥ǰáwš *cr̥ǰúbʰyā(m) *cr̥ǰúbʰyah
dative *cr̥ǰáway *cr̥ǰúbʰyā(m) *cr̥ǰúbʰyah
genitive *cr̥ǰáwš *cr̥ǰuwā́h *cr̥ǰuHnáHam
locative *cr̥ǰā́w *cr̥ǰuwáw *cr̥ǰúšu

Descendants

  • Northeastern Iranian:
    • Khotanese: 𑀲𑀭𑁅 (sarau)
    • Sogdo-Bactrian:
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Kurdish:
      Central Kurdish: شێر (şêr)
      Northern Kurdish: şêr
      Southern Kurdish: شێر (şêr)
    • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
      • Caspian:
      • Old Median:
        • Kermanic:
          • Kermani, Zoroastrian Dari: شیر (šīr)
        • Old Azari: شیر (šēr~šīr)
          • → Azerbaijani: (/⁠šīr⁠/)
            Arabic script: شیر
            Latin script: şir
      • Parthian:
        Manichaean script: 𐫢𐫃𐫡 (šgr /⁠šaɣr⁠/)
      • Zaza-Gorani:
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Old Persian: *šarguš
      • Early Middle Persian: (/⁠šagr⁠/)
        Manichaean script: 𐫢𐫃𐫡 (šgr)
        Book Pahlavi script: (šgr)
        • Late Middle Persian:
          Book Pahlavi script: (šyr /⁠šēr⁠/)
          • Classical Persian: شیر (šêr)
            • Dari: شیر (šêr)
            • Iranian Persian: شیر (šîr)
            • Tajik: шер (šer)
            • → Baluchi: شیر (šēr)
            • → Hindustani:
            • → Pashto: شېر (šēr)
            • → Turkic: /šēr ~ šīr/
              • → Ottoman Turkish: شیر (şîr)
              • → Turkmen: şir (šīr)
              • → Uzbek: sher (šēr) (via Tajiki dialect)
          • →? Old Chinese: 師 (OC *sri, “lion”)

References

  1. ^ Witzel, Michael (2003) Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia (Sino-Platonic Papers; 129)‎, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, page 14
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