Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/berg-

This Proto-Kartvelian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Compare Chechen берг (berg, “pickaxe”), зӏок-берг (zˀok-berg), Ingush барг (barg), Bats ბრაგ (brag), Lak бург (burg, “sledge hammer”), Rutul буркӏ (“hammer”), Archi буркӏ (burkʼ, “hammer”).

*berg-

1. to hoe, hack

• Proto-Georgian-Zan:
  • Zan:
    • Laz: ო-ბერგ-უ (o-berg-u, “to hoe”) ⇒ Laz: ბერჯი (berci, “hoe”), Laz: ბერგი (bergi, “pickaxe”)
      • → Armenian: փերգ (pʻerg)
    • ⇒ Mingrelian: ბერგი (bergi, “hoe”), ბარგუა (bargua, “hoeing, hacking”)
• ⇒ Svan: ბერგ (berg, “hoe”), ბე̄რგ (bērg), ლიბე̄რგე (libērge, “hoeing, hacking”), ლიბჷრჯე (libərǯe, “hoeing, hacking; any kind of digging”)

• *toq-
• *cel-

• Fähnrich, Heinz, Sarǯvelaʒe, Zurab (2000) Kartvelur enata eṭimologiuri leksiḳoni [Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages] (in Georgian), 2nd edition, Tbilisi: University Press, page 104
• Fähnrich, Heinz (2007) Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch [Kartvelian Etymological Dictionary] (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.18) (in German), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 59
• Klimov, G. A. (1998) Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages (Trends in linguistics. Documentation; 16), New York, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, page 11
• Klimov, G. A. (1994) Древнейшие индоевропеизмы картвельских языков [The Oldest Indo-Europeanisms in Kartvelian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Nasledie, →ISBN, pages 49–50
• Čuxua, Merab (2007) Iberiul-ičkeriul enata šedarebiti gramaṭiḳa [Ibero-Ichkerian Comparative Grammar] (in Georgian), Tbilisi: Tbilisi State University Press, pages 125, 247, adds Svan ლიბჷრჯე (libərǯe). However the connection with Georgian მარგვლა (margvla, “weeding; hoeing”), მარგილი (margili, “stake, picket”) needs more argumentation (compare also Čikobava:1938)
• Gamq̇reliʒe, Tamaz, Mač̣avariani, Givi (1965) Sonanṭta sisṭema da ablauṭi kartvelur enebši [The system of sonants and ablaut in Kartvelian languages]‎ (in Georgian), Tbilisi: Academy Press, page 162
• Gamkrelidze, Thomas V., Mačavariani, Givi I. (1982) Winfried Boeder, transl., Sonantensystem und Ablaut in den Kartwelsprachen: Eine Typologie der Struktur des Gemeinkartwelischen (Ars Linguistica; 10) (in German), Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, pages 6, 16, 91
• Starostin, S. A. (2005) “*berg-”, in Kartvelian etymological database compiled on the basis of G. Klimov's and Fähnrich-Sarjveladze's etymological dictionaries of Kartvelian languages
• Nikolaev, Sergei L., Starostin, Sergei A. (1994) “*bɨ̆lVgwi”, in A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary‎, Moscow: Asterisk Publishers

• Čikobava, Arnold (1938) Č̣anur-megrul-kartuli šedarebiti leksiḳoni [Laz–Megrel–Georgian Comparative Dictionary] (Works; IV) (in Georgian), Tbilisi: Arnold Chikobava Institute of Linguistics, published 2008, page 253, the connection with Georgian მარგვლა (margvla, “weeding; hoeing”) needs more argumentation (compare also Čuxua:2007)