Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʔahl-
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This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Semitic
Etymology
Posited by Dolgopolsky as a cognate to a South Cushitic *ʾáŝa (“hut, shelter”) found in Iraqw islaangw (“watch-hut in a field”), to the consonant onset of which according to him there a cluster of a voiceless guttural fricative and voiced alveolar lateral approximant gets resolved. Possibly also related to Afar and Somali aqal (“hut, house”).
Noun
*ʔahl- m
Inflection
Declension of *ʔahl-
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *ʔahlum | *ʔahlāna | plural stem + *-ūna | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | *ʔahlim | *ʔahlayna | plural stem + *-īna | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accusative | *ʔahlam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| possessive forms | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st person | *ʔahlī / *ʔahlVya | — | *ʔahlVni | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd person m | *ʔahlVka | *ʔahlVkumā / *ʔahlVkumay | *ʔahlVkum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd person f | *ʔahlVki | *ʔahlVkin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd person m | *ʔahlVšu | *ʔahlVšumā / *ʔahlVšumay | *ʔahlVšum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd person f | *ʔahlVša | *ʔahlVšin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.
Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʔahluya for nom. case, *ʔahliya for gen. case, *ʔahlaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ʔahl-
Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ʔahl-
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Descendants
- East Semitic:
- West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
- Arabic: أَهْل (ʔahl, “kinfolk”)
- Northwest Semitic:
- Amorite: (/ʾahlum/, “tent”)
- Aramaic:
- Jewish Palestinian Aramaic: אהיל
- Jewish Literary Aramaic: אׇהֲלָא (ʾāhălā)
- Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אֹוהְלָא (ʾōhəlā, “tent”)
- Nabataean Aramaic: 𐢁𐢇𐢑 (“tent”)
- Classical Syriac: ܝܗܠܐ (yahlā, “clan, group, cohort”)
- → Akkadian: 𒀪𒇻 (/aʾlu/, “confederation”)
- Canaanite:
- Ugaritic: 𐎀𐎅𐎍 (ảhl /ʾahlu/, “tent”)
- Old South Arabian:
- Dadanitic: 𐪑𐪀𐪁 (ʾhl)
- Safaitic: 𐪑𐪁 (ʾl)
- Thamudic: 𐪑𐪀𐪁 (ʾhl), 𐪑𐪁 (ʾl)
- Central Semitic:
- → Egyptian: jhjr (“tent”)
References
- Dolgopolsky, Aron Borisovich (1987) “South Cushitic Lateral Consonants as Compared to Semitic and East Cushitic”, in Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Walter W. Müller, editor, Proceedings of the Fourth International Hamito-Semitic Congress, Marburg, 20–22 September, 1983, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 206 of 195–214
- Guidi, Ignazio (1879) Della sede primitiva dei popoli semitici (in Italian), Rome: Tipi del Salviucci, page 31
- Hoch, James E. (1994) Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period, Princeton: Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 31, Nr. 24