Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/birk-
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This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Semitic
Etymology
From Proto-Afroasiatic. Probably cognate with Afar gulúb considering metathesis. See there for further cognates.
Noun
*birk- m or f
Reconstruction notes
In Common Semitic there was a metathetic root formed, which yielded *ruk(u)b-at- "knee" (cf. Arabic رُكْبَة (rukba)), both of which had reflexes preserved in Arabic, Aramaic and Ethiopic (Ge'ez).
Inflection
Masculine:
Declension of *birk-
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *birkum | *birkāna | plural stem + *-ūna | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | *birkim | *birkayna | plural stem + *-īna | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accusative | *birkam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| possessive forms | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st person | *birkī / *birkVya | — | *birkVni | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd person m | *birkVka | *birkVkumā / *birkVkumay | *birkVkum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd person f | *birkVki | *birkVkin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd person m | *birkVšu | *birkVšumā / *birkVšumay | *birkVšum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd person f | *birkVša | *birkVšin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.
Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *birkuya for nom. case, *birkiya for gen. case, *birkaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *birk-
Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *birk-
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Femenine:
Declension of *birk-
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *birkum | *birkāna | *birkātum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | *birkim | *birkayna | *birkātim | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accusative | *birkam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| possessive forms | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st person | *birkī / *birkVya | — | *birkVni | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd person m | *birkVka | *birkVkumā / *birkVkumay | *birkVkum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd person f | *birkVki | *birkVkin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd person m | *birkVšu | *birkVšumā / *birkVšumay | *birkVšum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd person f | *birkVša | *birkVšin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.
Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *birkuya for nom. case, *birkiya for gen. case, *birkaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *birk-
Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *birk-
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Descendants
- East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒄭 (birkum)
- West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
- Ethiopian Semitic:
- Modern South Arabian:
- Soqotri: برك (bɛrk)