Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/malk-
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This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Semitic
Noun
*malk- m
Declension
Declension of *malk-
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *malkum | *malkāna | plural stem + *-ūna | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | *malkim | *malkayna | plural stem + *-īna | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accusative | *malkam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| possessive forms | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st person | *malkī / *malkVya | — | *malkVni | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd person m | *malkVka | *malkVkumā / *malkVkumay | *malkVkum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd person f | *malkVki | *malkVkin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd person m | *malkVšu | *malkVšumā / *malkVšumay | *malkVšum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd person f | *malkVša | *malkVšin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.
Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *malkuya for nom. case, *malkiya for gen. case, *malkaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *malk-
Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *malk-
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Reconstruction notes
Sometimes reconstructed as *malik- to account for the Arabic form, which is otherwise irregular and perhaps the lack of vowels in Semitic scripts accounts for such irregularities. This form has also recently been confirmed in the oldest attested West-Semitic text in Amorite [1].
Descendants
- East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒈠𒀠𒆪𒌝 (malkum)
- West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
- (perhaps borrowed from Aramaic) Arabic: مَلِك (malik)
- Northwest Semitic:
- Old South Arabian:
- Safaitic: 𐪃𐪁𐪋 (mlk)
- Ethiopian Semitic *ʔamlāk- (originally a broken plural)
- Central Semitic:
References
- ^ Two Remarkable Vocabularies: Amorite-Akkadian Bilinguals!, Andrew George, Manfred Krebernik, 2022