Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/d-kʷəj-n

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *d-kʷəy-n (Matisoff, STEDT; Mortensen, 2012); *kwiy=*kwəy ⪤ **d-k-wiy (LaPolla, 1987); *kwiy (Chou, 1972; Weidert, 1987; Benedict, 1972); *kwəy (Chou, 1972; Weidert, 1987)

A widely attested root in Sino-Tibetan languages.

The nasal suffix -n is reconstructed solely on the basis of the Chinese comparandum "犬 (quǎn)", where it is said to function as a "collective plural" suffix. This word has almost been completely replaced by 狗 (gǒu) (gǒu, from Old Chinese *Cə.kˁroʔ, "dog") in modern varieties, which Schuessler (2007) considers to be a substrate loanword of Hmong-Mien origin (Proto-Hmong-Mien *qluwˣ (“dog”)), which is in turn perhaps an Austronesian loan, cf. Proto-Austronesian *(u-)(ŋ)kuɣkuɣ (“dog”) (Benedict, 1996). Compare Proto-Japonic *enu (“dog”) (distantly possible as *eŋku (signature shift), from **e-ŋku (typical reduction on the right)), and Middle Korean 가히 (gahi, “dog”) (Modern 개 (gae)).

Compare Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ (“dog”) (whence English hound, Latin canis, Ancient Greek κύων (kúōn), Sanskrit श्वन् (śván)), where the -n suffixed form is preserved in many modern reflexes.

*d-kʷəj-n

1. dog

• Old Chinese: 犬 /*kʰʷeːnʔ/ (ZS), /*kʷʰˤenʔ/ (B-S) (“dog”)

  (in the oracle bone script)

  • Middle Chinese: 犬 /kʰwen^X/

5=gyeon

**:

→ Japanese: 犬 (けん, ​ken)
Korean: 견 (犬, gyeon)
Vietnamese: khuyển (犬)

• • • Mandarin:
      • Beijing: 犬 (quǎn) /t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn²¹⁴/ (“dog”)
    • Cantonese:
      • Guangzhou-Hong Kong: 犬 (hyun²) /hyːn³⁵/
    • Wu:
      • Shanghainese: 犬 (⁵chioe) /t͡ɕʰye̞⁴¹/
  • Min:
    • Coastal Min:
      • Min Nan:
        • Hokkien:
          • Taiwan: 犬 /kʰi̯en⁵¹/
• Greater Magaric
  • Magaric
    • Proto-Kham: *kaːh
      • Kham:
        • Gamale Kham: काः
        • Sheshi Kham: का, काः
• Himalayish
  • Tibeto-Kanauri
    • Bodic
      • Kurtöp: ཁྭི (khwi)
      • Tibetan
        • Written Tibetan: ཁྱི (khyi, “dog”)
  • Mahakiranti
    • Kiranti
      • Central Kiranti
        • Dumi: खीबु (kʰibu, “dog”)
      • Eastern Kiranti
        • Northern Lorung: हुॽवा (huʔwa, “dog”)
        • Yakkha: कुचुमा (“dog”)
        • Yamphu: हुःॽवा (hu:'wā, “dog”)
        • Athpare: कोछुबा (kotsʰuba, “dog”)
    • Chepangic
      • Chepang: कुयः (kuyʔ, “dog”)
    • Magaric
      • Western Magar: चीउ (t͡ʃʲu, “dog”)
• Tangut-Qiang
  • Northern
    • Tangut: 𗘂 (*khjwɨ¹), 𗃝 (*bju¹)
  • rGyalrongic
    • Situ: kʰəna, kʰə (possibly a loan from Tibetan)
• Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
  • Lolo-Burmese
    • Burmish
      • Burmese: ခွေး (hkwe:, “dog”)
    • Loloish
      • Northern Loloish
        • Yi (Liangshan): ꈌ (ke, “dog”)
• Proto-Karen: *thwiᴮ (Luangthongkum, 2013)
  • S'gaw Karen: ထွံၣ် (hṭweè)
  • Pa'o Karen: ထွီႏ
  • Western Pwo: ထွံၪ
  • Western Kayah: ꤓꤝꤤ꤬ (htwì)

• *s-pjaŋ (“wild dog”)
• *s-k-jwal (“wild dog, wolf, jackal, dhole”)
• *m-par ~ pra (“wild dog, wolf”)