1=Proto-Sino-TibetanPlease see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan (PST) is the reconstructed form for the Sino-Tibetan languages, the second largest established language family in the world by the number of speakers. Chinese, Tibetan and Burmese are three of the earliest documented among all the descendants and arguably the three most important branches of this family. The reconstruction of Proto-Sino-Tibetan and its descendant proto-languages (Proto-Tibeto-Burman (PTB), Old Chinese (OC), etc.) is an area of active research. Major references include Benedict (1972), Coblin (1986), and Matisoff (2003).
Wiktionary follows chiefly the reconstructions in the Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) database, a project headed by Prof. James Matisoff, which in turn draws a large proportion of its content from Matisoff (2003). Minor conversions exist between the forms in STEDT and those in Wiktionary, the most important being IPA-notating all proto-forms in Wiktionary (e.g. STEDT 'y' = Wiktionary 'j'). In the absence of a hitherto-proposed reasonable PST reconstruction for an etymon, the "Proto-Tibeto-Burman" (PTB) forms in STEDT are temporarily taken as equivalent to the PST forms, as the Old Chinese form is often considered when postulating the PTB forms, for example PTB *d-kʷəj-n.
See Category:Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots.
Two reconstructions of Old Chinese should be listed: Baxter-Sagart (2014) (abbrev. B-S) and Zhengzhang (2003) (abbrev. ZS), when these exist.
Base consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Laryngeal | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | phary. | plain | phary. | plain | plain | plain labial. | phary. | phary. labial. | plain | plain labial. | phary. | phary. labial. | plain | phary. | phary. labial. | ||
Stop | Voiceless unaspirated | p | pˤ | t | tˤ | k | kʷ | kˤ | kʷˤ | q | qʷ | qˤ | qʷˤ | ʔ | ʔˤ | (*)ʔʷˤ | |
Voiceless aspirated | pʰ | pʰˤ | tʰ | tʰˤ | kʰ | kʷʰ | kʰˤ | kʷʰˤ | qʰ | qʷʰ | qʰˤ | qʷʰˤ | |||||
Voiced | b | bˤ | d | dˤ | g | gʷ | gˤ | gʷˤ | ɢ | ɢʷ | ɢˤ | ɢʷˤ | |||||
Affricate | Voiceless unaspirated | t͡s | t͡sˤ | ||||||||||||||
Voiceless aspirated | t͡sʰ | t͡sʰˤ | |||||||||||||||
Voiced | d͡z | d͡zˤ | |||||||||||||||
Fricative | Voiceless | s | sˤ | ||||||||||||||
Nasal | Voiceless | m̥ | m̥ˤ | n̥ | n̥ˤ | ŋ̊ | ŋ̊ʷ | ŋ̊ˤ | ŋ̊ʷˤ | ||||||||
Voiced | m | mˤ | n | nˤ | ŋ | ŋʷ | ŋˤ | ŋʷˤ | |||||||||
Approximant | Voiceless | l̥ | l̥ˤ | ||||||||||||||
Voiced | l | lˤ | j | w | |||||||||||||
Trill | Voiceless | r̥ | r̥ˤ | ||||||||||||||
Voiced | r | rˤ |
Vowels
front | central | back | |
---|---|---|---|
close | i | ə | u |
open | e | a | o |
unvoiced unaspirated plosive | unvoiced aspirated plosive | voiced plosive | nasal | unvoiced aspirated nasal | liquid | unvoied aspirated liquid | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
velar | k | kʰ | g | ŋ | ŋ̊ʰ | ||
uvular | q, ʔ | qʰ, h | ɢ, ɦ | ||||
bilabial | p | pʰ | b | m | m̥ʰ | ||
alveolar | t | tʰ | d | n | n̥ʰ | l | l̥ʰ |
uvular | s | sʰ, t͡sʰ | z, d͡z | r | r̥ʰ |
fricative | glottal | nasal | rhotic | plosive |
---|---|---|---|---|
s- | ʔ-, h-, ɦ- | m-, n-, ŋ- | r- | p-, k-, t- |
non-liquid | liquid | plosivised liquid |
---|---|---|
j, w | r, l | r'-, l' |
front | central | back | |
---|---|---|---|
close | i | ɯ | u |
open | e | a | o |
Allowed initials in Written Tibetan and their pronunciations in Modern Lhasa dialect:
Base\Prefix(es) | Ø | b- | d- | g- | m- | '- | s- | l- | r- | bs- | bl- | br- |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
k- /k/ |
(k-) /k/ |
bk- /k/ |
dk- /k/ |
sk- /k/ |
lk- /k/ |
rk- /k/ |
bsk- /k/ |
brk- /k/ | ||||
(kw-) | ||||||||||||
(ky-) /c/ |
bky- /c/ |
dky- /c/ |
sky- /c/ |
rky- /c/ |
bsky- /c/ |
brky- /c/ | ||||||
(kr-) /ʈʂ/ |
bkr- /ʈʂ/ |
dkr- /ʈʂ/ |
skr- /ʈʂ/ |
bskr- /ʈʂ/ |
||||||||
kl- /l/ |
bkl- /l/ |
|||||||||||
kh- /kʰ/ |
kh- /kʰ/ |
mkh- /kʰ/ |
'kh- /kʰ/ |
|||||||||
khw- /kʰ/ |
||||||||||||
khy- /cʰ/ |
mkhy- /cʰ/ |
'khy- /cʰ/ |
||||||||||
khr- /ʈʂʰ/ |
mkhr- /ʈʂʰ/ |
'khr- /ʈʂʰ/ |
||||||||||
g- /ɡ/ |
g- /kʰː/ |
bg- /kː/ |
dg- /kː/ |
mg- /ŋk/ |
'g- /ŋk/ |
sg- /kː/ |
lg- /kː/ |
rg- /kː/ |
bsg- /kː/ |
brg- /kː/ | ||
gw- | ||||||||||||
gy- /cʰː/ |
bgy- /cː/ |
dgy- /cː/ |
mgy- /ɲc/ |
'gy- /ɲc/ |
sgy- /cː/ |
lgy- | rgy- /cː/ |
bsgy- /cː/ |
brgy- /cː/ | |||
gr- /ʈʂʰː/ |
bgr- /ʈʂː/ |
dgr- /ʈʂː/ |
mgr- /ɳʈʂ/ |
'gr- /ɳʈʂ/ |
sgr- /ʈʂː/ |
lgr- | bsgr- /ʈʂː/ |
|||||
grw- /ʈʂʰː/ |
||||||||||||
gl- /l/ |
||||||||||||
ng- /ŋ/ |
ng- /ŋ/ |
dng- /ŋ/ |
mng- /ŋ/ |
sng- /ŋ/ |
lng- /ŋ/ |
rng- /ŋ/ |
bsng- /ŋ/ |
brng- /ŋ/ | ||||
c- /t͡ɕ/ |
(c-) /t͡ɕ/ |
bc- /t͡ɕ/ |
gc- /t͡ɕ/ |
lc- /t͡ɕ/ |
||||||||
ch- /t͡ɕʰ/ |
ch- /t͡ɕʰ/ |
mch- /t͡ɕʰ/ |
'ch- /t͡ɕʰ/ |
|||||||||
j- /d͡ʑ/ |
j- /t͡ɕʰː/ |
mj- /ɲt͡ɕ/ |
'j- /ɲt͡ɕ/ |
lj- /ɲt͡ɕ/ |
rj- /t͡ɕː/ |
brj- /ɲt͡ɕ/ | ||||||
ny- /ɲ/ |
ny- /ɲ/ |
gny- /ɲ/ |
mny- /ɲ/ |
sny- /ɲ/ |
rny- /ɲ/ |
bsny- /ɲ/ |
brny- /ɲ/ | |||||
nyw- /ɲ/ |
||||||||||||
t- /t/ |
(t-) /t/ |
bt- /t/ |
gt- /t/ |
st- /t/ |
lt- /t/ |
rt- /t/ |
bst- /t/ |
blt- /t/ |
brt- /t/ | |||
tr- /ʈʂ/ |
||||||||||||
th- /tʰ/ |
th- /tʰ/ |
mth- /tʰ/ |
'th- /tʰ/ |
|||||||||
d- /d/ |
d- /tʰː/ |
bd- /tː/ |
gd- /tː/ |
md- /nt/ |
'd- /nt/ |
sd- /tː/ |
ld- /nt/ |
rd- /tː/ |
bsd- /tː/ |
bld- /tː/ |
brd- /tː/ | |
dw- /tː/ |
||||||||||||
dr- /ʈʂː/ |
'dr- /ɳʈʂ/ |
|||||||||||
n- /n/ |
n- /n/ |
gn- /n/ |
mn- /n/ |
sn- /n/ |
rn- /n/ |
bsn- /n/ |
brn- /n/ | |||||
(nr-) | snr- | |||||||||||
p- /p/ |
(p-) /p/ |
dp- /p/ |
sp- /p/ |
lp- /p/ |
||||||||
py- | dpy- /t͡ɕ/ |
spy- /t͡ɕ/ |
||||||||||
(pr-) /ʈʂ/ |
dpr- /ʈʂ/ |
spr- /ʈʂ/ |
||||||||||
ph- /pʰ/ |
ph- /pʰ/ |
'ph- /pʰ/ |
||||||||||
phy- /t͡ɕʰ/ |
'phy- /t͡ɕʰ/ |
|||||||||||
phyw- /t͡ɕʰ/ |
||||||||||||
phr- /ʈʂʰ/ |
'phr- /ʈʂʰ/ |
|||||||||||
b- /b/ |
b- /pʰː/ |
db- /ˀw/ |
'b- /mp/ |
sb- /pː/ |
lb- /mp/ |
rb- /pː/ |
||||||
by- /t͡ɕʰː/ |
dby- /j/ |
'by- /ɲt͡ɕ/ |
sby- /t͡ɕː/ |
|||||||||
br- /ʈʂː/ |
dbr- /r/ |
'br- /ɳʈʂ/ |
sbr- /(p)ʈʂː/ |
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bl- /l/ |
||||||||||||
m- /m/ |
m- /m/ |
dm- /m/ |
sm- /m/ |
rm- /m/ |
||||||||
(mr-) | smr- /m/ |
|||||||||||
my- /ɲ/ |
dmy- /ɲ/ |
smy- /ɲ/ |
rmy- /ɲ/ |
|||||||||
ts- /t͡s/ |
(ts-) /t͡s/ |
bts- /t͡s/ |
gts- /t͡s/ |
sts- /t͡s/ |
rts- /t͡s/ |
bsts- /t͡s/ |
brts- /t͡s/ | |||||
tsw- | rtsw- /t͡s/ |
|||||||||||
tsh- /t͡sʰ/ |
tsh- /t͡sʰ/ |
mtsh- /t͡sʰ/ |
'tsh- /t͡sʰ/ |
|||||||||
tshw- /t͡sʰ/ |
||||||||||||
dz- /d͡z/ |
(dz-) /t͡sʰː/ |
mdz- /nts/ |
'dz- /nts/ |
rdz- /t͡sː/ |
brdz- /t͡sː/ | |||||||
w- /w/ |
(w-) /w/ |
|||||||||||
zh- /ʑ/ |
zh- /ɕː/ |
bzh- /ɕː/ |
gzh- /ɕː/ |
|||||||||
zhw- /ɕː/ |
||||||||||||
z- /z/ |
z- /sː/ |
bz- /sː/ |
gz- /sː/ |
|||||||||
zl- /nt/ |
bzl- /nt/ |
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'- /ɦ/ |
'- /ˀ/ |
|||||||||||
y- /j/ |
y- /j/ |
g.y- /j/ |
||||||||||
r- /r/ |
r- /r/ |
|||||||||||
rw- /r/ |
||||||||||||
rl- /l/ |
brl- /l/ |
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l- /l/ |
l- /l/ |
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lw- /l/ |
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sh- /ɕ/ |
sh- /ɕ/ |
bsh- /ɕ/ |
gsh- /ɕ/ |
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shw- /ɕ/ |
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s- /s/ |
s- /s/ |
bs- /s/ |
gs- /s/ |
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sr- /s/ |
bsr- /(ʈʂ)s/ |
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sl- /l/ |
bsl- /l/ |
|||||||||||
h- /h/ |
h- /h/ |
lh- /ɬ/ |
||||||||||
hw- /h/ |
||||||||||||
hr- /ʂ/ |
See Wiktionary:Burmese transliteration.