Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-stъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Uncertain. May reflect:
- Fossilized 0-grade of the root Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stay, to stand”), effectively meaning in the state of X. Similar semantic development of the PIE root is found in Irish tá (“to be, to have been”) (present tense copula);
- From Proto-Indo-European *-st-o-, similar to Proto-Slavic *-skъ;
- From dissimilation of Proto-Indo-European *-tt-/*-d⁽ʰ⁾t- > Proto-Slavic *-st- or from Proto-Indo-European *-ḱt- > Proto-Slavic *-st-. Compare Proto-Slavic *tьstь (“father-in-law”).
Cognate with Lithuanian -stas, -štas (e.g. Lithuanian áukštas (“high”), karštas (“hot”)), Latvian -sts (e.g. Latvian mīksts (“soft”)). Perhaps related to the sta-present in Baltic.
Suffix 1
*-stъ
- Forms adjectives related to distribution and density:
- Forms adjectives depicting a state or a feature:
Declension
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-stъ | *-sta | *-sto |
| genitive | *-sta | *-sty | *-sta |
| dative | *-stu | *-stě | *-stu |
| accusative | *-stъ | *-stǫ | *-sto |
| instrumental | *-stomь | *-stojǫ | *-stomь |
| locative | *-stě | *-stě | *-stě |
| vocative | *-ste | *-sto | *-sto |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-sta | *-stě | *-stě |
| genitive | *-stu | *-stu | *-stu |
| dative | *-stoma | *-stama | *-stoma |
| accusative | *-sta | *-stě | *-stě |
| instrumental | *-stoma | *-stama | *-stoma |
| locative | *-stu | *-stu | *-stu |
| vocative | *-sta | *-stě | *-stě |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-sti | *-sty | *-sta |
| genitive | *-stъ | *-stъ | *-stъ |
| dative | *-stomъ | *-stamъ | *-stomъ |
| accusative | *-sty | *-sty | *-sta |
| instrumental | *-sty | *-stami | *-sty |
| locative | *-stěxъ | *-staxъ | *-stěxъ |
| vocative | *-sti | *-sty | *-sta |
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-stъjь | *-staja | *-stoje |
| genitive | *-stajego | *-styję̇ | *-stajego |
| dative | *-stujemu | *-stěji | *-stujemu |
| accusative | *-stъjь | *-stǫjǫ | *-stoje |
| instrumental | *-styjimь | *-stǫjǫ | *-styjimь |
| locative | *-stějemь | *-stěji | *-stějemь |
| vocative | *-stъjь | *-staja | *-stoje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-staja | *-stěji | *-stěji |
| genitive | *-stuju | *-stuju | *-stuju |
| dative | *-styjima | *-styjima | *-styjima |
| accusative | *-staja | *-stěji | *-stěji |
| instrumental | *-styjima | *-styjima | *-styjima |
| locative | *-stuju | *-stuju | *-stuju |
| vocative | *-staja | *-stěji | *-stěji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *-stiji | *-styję̇ | *-staja |
| genitive | *-stъjixъ | *-stъjixъ | *-stъjixъ |
| dative | *-styjimъ | *-styjimъ | *-styjimъ |
| accusative | *-styję̇ | *-styję̇ | *-staja |
| instrumental | *-styjimi | *-styjimi | *-styjimi |
| locative | *-styjixъ | *-styjixъ | *-styjixъ |
| vocative | *-stiji | *-styję̇ | *-staja |
Suffix 2
*-stъ m
- Forms nouns depicting objects or instruments:
- Forms nouns depicting states or measures:
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-stъ | *-sta | *-sti |
| genitive | *-sta | *-stu | *-stъ |
| dative | *-stu | *-stoma | *-stomъ |
| accusative | *-stъ | *-sta | *-sty |
| instrumental | *-stъmь, *-stomь* | *-stoma | *-sty |
| locative | *-stě | *-stu | *-stěxъ |
| vocative | *-ste | *-sta | *-sti |
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
Derived terms
References
- ^ Villanueva Svensson, Miguel (2010) “Baltic sta-presents and the Indo-European desiderative”, in Indogermanische Forschungen 115, pages 204-233
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*prostъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 421: “PIE *pro-sth₂o-”
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pьrstъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 428: “PIE *pr-sth₂-o-”