Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/bogъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to divide”).

Cognates include Sanskrit भग (bhaga, “happiness, welfare, prosperity”), Avestan 𐬠𐬀𐬔𐬀 (baga, “share”), Tocharian A pāk (“part, portion, share”). The following meanings have been displaced by Etymology 2 and are attested mainly in compounds and derived terms. Doublet of *banъ.

Noun

*bȍgъ m

1. share, cut, wealth, luck

   *čь̀rnъ bȍgъ ― bad luck

   *bě̃lъ bȍgъ ― good luck

Declension

Derived terms

Related terms

• *bogatěti
• *bogatiti (sę)
• *bogatьstvo

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • ⇒ Ukrainian: за мали́м бо́гом (za malým bóhom, “almost”) (dialectal)
• South Slavic:
  • ⇒ Bulgarian: да бога (da boga, “abundantly, in abundance, very”)
  • ⇒ Macedonian: да бога (da boga, “abundantly, in abundance, very”) (dialectal)
  • ⇒ Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: до (зла) бога (“abundantly, in abundance, very”)

    Latin script: do (zla) boga (“abundantly, in abundance, very”)

  • ⇒ Slovene: zlego boga uživa (“he's doing badly”) (dialectal)
• West Slavic:
  • ⇒ Czech: do boha (“abundantly, in abundance, very”)
    • ⇒ Moravian: na ty bohy (“fortunately”)
  • ⇒ Old Polish: do boga (“abundantly, in abundance, very”)
  • Sorbian:
    • Lower Sorbian: bog (“Christmas gift”)

• Non-Slavic:
  • → Lithuanian: bagà (“property, treasure”)

References

Etymology 2

Identical with Etymology 1. According to consensus, a semantic loan from Scythian languages.

Semantic cognates include Old Persian 𐏎 (BG /⁠baga⁠/, “god”), Avestan 𐬠𐬀𐬖𐬀 (baγa, “god”).

Noun

*bȍgъ m

1. (religion) god

   *dàďь bože! ― god willing!

   *bȍgъ dàďь! ― god willing!

   *ne dàďь bože! ― god forbid!

   *o bože! ― oh god!

Declension

Derived terms

Related terms

• *božьnica
• *božьba

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: богъ (bogŭ), б҃ъ (b:ŭ)
    • Old Ruthenian: богъ (boh)
      • Belarusian: бог (boh)
      • Carpathian Rusyn: бог (boh)
      • Ukrainian: бог (boh), біг (bih)
    • Russian: бог (bog)
  • Old Novgorodian: бого (bogo)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: богъ (bogŭ)

    Glagolitic script: ⰱⱁⰳⱏ (bogŭ)

  • Bulgarian: бог (bog)
  • Macedonian: бог (bog)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: бо̑г

    Latin script: bȏg

    • Slavomolisano: bog
  • Slovene: bọ̑g (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: bóh
    • Czech: bůh
  • Old Polish: bóg
    • Masurian: bóg
    • Polish: bóg
    • Silesian: bōg
  • Polabian: büg
  • Pomeranian:
    • Kashubian: bóg
    • Slovincian: bóg
  • Slovak: boh
  • Sorbian:
    • Lower Sorbian: bog
    • Upper Sorbian: bóh

References

Etymology 3

From Etymology 1. For contrast, cf. *bolgъ (“good, nice; bad”), Latin sacer (“sacred, holy; cursed”).

Adjective

*bogъ

1. poor

   Synonyms: *ubògъ, *bědьnъ

   Antonym: *bogàtъ

Declension

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Russian: бо́гий (bógij) (dialectal)
• South Slavic:
  • ⇒ Bulgarian: бо́жек (bóžek, “beggar”), бо́жак (bóžak, “who begs for God so that he eats”); бо́жьак (bóžʹak, “beggar”) (dialectal)
  • ⇒ Macedonian: божјак (božjak, “beggar”)
  • ⇒ Serbo-Croatian:

    Latin script: bȍžjāk (“beggar; wretch”), bȍgālj (“beggar”); bogalȉja (“beggar”) (dialectal)

    Cyrillic script: бо̏жја̄к (“beggar; wretch”), бо̏га̄љ (“beggar”); богали̏ја (dialectal)

  • Slovene: bö́γi (dialectal)
• West Slavic:
  • ⇒ Czech:
    • Moravian: božátko (“poor thing”)

References

Further reading

• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1975), “*bogъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 2 (*bez – *bratrъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 161
• Skok, Petar (1971) “Proto-Slavic/bogъ”, in Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika [Etymological Dictionary of the Croatian or Serbian Language] (in Serbo-Croatian), volumes 1 (A – J), Zagreb: JAZU, page 178
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 161
• Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1543
• Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 65
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “бог”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Brückner, Aleksander (1927) “bóg”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, page 33