Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/pьkъlъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Alternative reconstructions
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *píkis, *píkulas, possibly borrowed from Germanic or Latin. Cognate with Old Prussian pyculs (“hell”) (possibly a Polish borrowing) and akin to Latvian piķis (“pitch”), Lithuanian pi̇̀kis (“pitch”) (sometimes considered Germanic borrowings); Ancient Greek πίσσα (píssa, “pitch”), Latin pix (“pitch”).
Most modern descendants reflect meaning “hell, inferno”. This is a semantic loan from cognate Old High German peh (“pitch; misfortune, damnation”).
Noun
Alternative forms
- *pьkъlo n
- *pьcьlъ (with effects of Slavic progressive palatalization)
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *pьkъ̀lъ | *pьkъlà | *pьkъlì |
| genitive | *pьkъlà | *pьkъlù | *pьkъ̀lъ |
| dative | *pьkъlù | *pьkъlòma | *pьkъlòmъ |
| accusative | *pьkъ̀lъ | *pьkъlà | *pьkъlỳ |
| instrumental | *pьkъlъ̀mь, *pьkъlòmь* | *pьkъlòma | *pьkъ̀ly |
| locative | *pьkъlě̀ | *pьkъlù | *pьkъ̀lěxъ |
| vocative | *pьkъle | *pьkъlà | *pьkъlì |
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
Derived terms
verbs
- *pьkъliti (causative-itreative)
adjectives
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: пькълъ (pĭkŭlŭ)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Old Cyrillic script: пькълъ (pĭkŭlŭ), пьклъ (pĭklŭ), пьцьлъ (pĭcĭlŭ)
- Glagolitic script: ⱂⱐⰽⱏⰾⱏ (pĭkŭlŭ)
- Church Slavonic (Russian recension): пькълъ m (pĭkŭlŭ)
- Bulgarian: пъ́къл (pǎ́kǎl); пе́кол (pékol), пъке́л (pǎkél), пъкя́л (pǎkjál) (dialectal)
- Macedonian: пе́кол (pékol)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Slovene: pəkə̀ł (tonal orthography)
- Old Church Slavonic:
- West Slavic:
References
- ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “pьklъ pьkla”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b hell (NA 114)”
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pьcьlъ; *pьkъlъ; *pьkъlo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 426: “(b) ‘pitch, hell’”
- ^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “pekel”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *pьkъlъ̏”
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “пе́кло”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Racheva, M., Todorov, T. A., editors (2002), “пъкъл”, in Български етимологичен речник (in Bulgarian), volume 6 (пỳскам – словàр²), Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 41
- Gluhak, Alemko (1993) “pakao”, in Hrvatski etimološki rječnik (in Serbo-Croatian), Zagreb: August Cesarec, →ISBN, page 463
- Derksen, Rick (2015) “pikis”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 355