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Originally, it was considered to be a borrowing from Ancient Greekγέφυρα(géphura, “bridge”), however it has since been refuted due to phonological reasons such as there not being any explanation for the word final *-g.
The current leading theory is the derivation *köpür-(“to swell, foam”) + *-üg, this is semantically not obvious however both Doerfer and Nişanyan suggests that it may have originally referred to pontoons made of swollen leather comparing the semantics of Proto-Mongolic*köxerge(“bridge, bellows, swollen leather”) (itself possibly from *köxe- or *köxere-(“to swell, foam”) if not directly borrowed from Turkic).
It should also be noted that the Kipchak variant *köpVr is a later secondary development, probably via metathesis, as older Kipchak texts lack such a form. The form *köprig also seen reflected in some descendants may reflect the first form of the word as *köpür-(“to swell, foam”) is suggested to be from earlier *köpir-.[1]
1) Originally only in pronominal declension. 2) The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages. 3) Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
^ Erdal, Marcel (1991) Old Turkic Word Formation, volume II, Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 573
^ Clauson, Gerard (1962) Turkish and Mongolian studies, London: Royal Asiatic Society, page 238
^ Nugteren, Hans (2011) Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation), Utrecht: LOT, page 423
^ Sanžejev, G. D., Orlovskaja, M. N., Ševernina, Z. V. (2016) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ mongolʹskix jazykov: v 3 t. [Etymological dictionary of Mongolic languages: in 3 vols.] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, page 137
Clauson, Gerard (1972) “köprüg”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 690
Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20) (in German), volume III, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 1623, pages 585-587
Eren, Hasan (1999) “köprü”, in Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language] (in Turkish), Ankara: Bizim Büro Basım Evi, pages 258-259
Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (1997) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume V, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, page 112