Wiktionary:About Proto-Turkic
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Proto-Turkic on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
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Proto-Turkic is the reconstructed ancestor of the Turkic languages spoken across Eurasia.
Transcription
Proto-Turkic reconstructions in Wiktionary at large uses (or rather, should use) these transcription schemes:
For Proto-Turkic (trk-pro):
Consonants
- Nasals : *m, *n, *ń, *ŋ
- Plosives (fortis) : *p, *t, *č, *k
- Plosives (lenis) : *b, *d, *g
- Sibilants/Liquids : *s, *l, *ĺ, *r, *ŕ, *y
Vowels
- Back vowels (short): *a, *ï, *o, *u
- Back vowels (long): *ā, *ï̄, *ō, *ū
- Front vowels (short): *e, *ẹ, *i, *ö, *ü
- Front vowels (long): *ē, *ẹ̄, *ī, *ȫ, *ǖ
For Common Turkic (trk-cmn):
Consonants
- Nasals : *m, *n,( *ń,) *ŋ
- Plosives (fortis) : *p, *t, *č, *k
- Plosives (lenis) : *b, *d (~ *δ), *g
- Sibilants/Liquids : *s, *l, *š, *r, *z, *y
Vowels
- Back vowels (short): *a, *ï, *o, *u
- Back vowels (long): *ā, *ï̄, *ō, *ū
- Front vowels (short): *e, *ẹ, *i, *ö, *ü
- Front vowels (long): *ē, *ẹ̄, *ī, *ȫ, *ǖ
Some considerations:
- Lemmata and syllables usually do not start with *p-, *d-, *g-, *l-, *m-, *n-, *ń, *ŋ, *r- and cannot start with *ĺ- (~ *š) and *ŕ- (~ *z). For example:
- *gȫpek (“navel”) starts with *g-, a sound not allowed on onset of syllables for Proto-Turkic, but present here since it is exclusively an Oghuz-Turkic word, which underwent a sound shift of lenition of initial consonants.
- *lāčïn (“falcon”) starts with *l-, a sound not allowed on onset of syllables for Proto-Turkic, but present here since it is a loanword.
- Words with Turkic etymologies that start with *š-, like Turkish şaşı or Bashkir шеш (şeş), does not constitute a reason to feature reconstructions starting with *š- (and definitely not *ĺ-.) Those reflexes are secondary assimilated forms of initial *s-, not *š-.
- Affixes are exempt from the previous role, but they should have a hyphen (-) in their page name (an example for such would be *-lig.)
- Diphthongs are not allowed on the Proto-Turkic namespace, which are an artifact of the now-discredited 'Altaic' languages theory. For example:
- Reconstructing vowel length for some words can be quite problematic, especially with lemmata with a lack of descendants that have preserved the vowel length or historically divergent forms. When two or more differing reconstructions are given in the dictionaries, it is best to feature them all under the Alternative reconstructions header.
Alternative reconstructions
Any different reconstruction that is mentioned in literature can be added here, with obvious limitations. It is best to include the source for the variant reconstructions after, although this is not required. For example:
- *bẹńi (“brain”), which has the following alternative reconstructions: *beńi (per Räsänen) and *beyŋi (per EDAL).
- *tuńak (“hoof”), which has the following alternative reconstruction: *tubńa-k (per EDAL).
Reconstruction notes
Any details that may not be immediately transparent to readers should be mentioned here, if present.
Etymology
Please feature at least two different sources, recommended sources can be found at in the section below. It is best to feature multiple etymologies, if sources happen to contradict or feature different possible origins.
If the word you wish to include is only mentioned in one particular work, whether or not it is a culturally relevant term or is attested a lot, and if you cannot find any mention of it anywhere else, it would be best (in most contexts) to not include it in the Proto-Turkic namespace.
Links to Altaic reconstructions and the comparison between 'Altaic' cognates are controversial and not accepted by mainstream consensus. These shall be marked as such, if they are to be included (this includes Proto-Mongolic, Proto-Tungusic, Proto-Koreanic and Proto-Japonic.) Please do not create entries where the only source is EDAL or use reconstructions from EDAL.
- Note that this does not include possible loanwords into or borrowings from these languages.
- (EDAL stands for Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages, commonly abbreviated as such across Wiktionary.)
Remember that it is always better to refer to multiple sources for proto-forms and etymologies instead of one (this applies to all references.)
Proto-Turkic (trk-pro) refers to all languages that stem from the said language, meanwhile Common Turkic (trk-cmn) excludes the quite divergent Oghuric branch. This difference is important for reconstructions and the following should be heeded when creating pages:
- Use the trk-pro header only if there is any evidence or footprint of for an Oghuric reflex. If there is none, use the trk-cmn header.
- For example: *kuš (“bird”) uses the trk-cmn header, since no Oghuric reflex (i.e. Chuvash, its predecessors or a language that could have borrowed it from Chuvash or its predecessors) can be found (Chuvash uses the word кайӑк (kajăk), from a different root, instead.)
- This does not mean an Oghuric reflex could not have existed historically, but no such word (or evidence for it) resurfaced or survived to us. We cannot assume such a word for Proto-Turkic, only Common Turkic.
- This also means, for entries without an Oghuric reflex, we cannot reconstruct any palatal liquid consonants for a lack of evidence (*ŕ and *ĺ.) So Proto-Turkic *kuĺ is not accepted, even though *-ĺ becomes *-š in all descendant languages.
- (Necessary to add, this is a wide-spread problem in many of Proto-Turkic redirects in the etymology sections of languages, not the namespace itself. One can easily stumble upon *kuĺ, instead of the correct *kuš when looking at the descendant languages' sections. This problem stems from the comparandist and far-fetched etymologies of the EDAL mentioned above, (where, all Turkic *š's and *z's are taken as their palatal prior values,) and is exarcebated when other languages copy from the problematic ones.)
- For example: *kuš (“bird”) uses the trk-cmn header, since no Oghuric reflex (i.e. Chuvash, its predecessors or a language that could have borrowed it from Chuvash or its predecessors) can be found (Chuvash uses the word кайӑк (kajăk), from a different root, instead.)
- Likewise, a Proto-Turkic entry with clear Oghuric reflexes (and not only the Turkic languages either, loanwords into Uralic and Slavic languages can also be used as evidence) should not be reconstructed with *š or *z.
- (Necessary to add, however, this is not a common problem. Not as common as the inverse explained above.)
- Loanwords into Mongolic languages should specify the branch which the word was taken from. These should be mentioned. For Mongolian, a loanword from Old Uyghur (e.g. бурхан (burxan, “god, Buddha”), from Old Uyghur 𐽼𐽳𐽾𐽲𐽰𐽺 (burḫan, “Buddha”)) should not be placed in the same place a loanword from Proto-Turkic should (e.g. айраг (ajrag, “koumiss”), from Proto-Turkic *ayraɣ (“airan, koumiss”).)
- Loanwords into Mongolic can also help with the reconstruction! Usually, dictionaries will feature when and which language the word was loaned from, use that info!
- (One can see in some number of articles loanwords into foreign languages, like Mongolian just discussed, but also Russian or Tungusic just appended at the end of the 'Descendants' section. That is a bad practice.)
Descendants
The descendants table with all Turkic languages. Languages without any reflexes need not be represented on the page.
Copy and paste this into the 'Descendants' section: *{{desc|trk-ogr|*...}}**{{desc|xbo|...}}{{q|Danube Bulgar}}**{{desc|xbo|...}}{{q|Volga Bulgar}}***{{desc|cv-old|...}}****{{desc|cv-mid|...}}*****{{desc|cv-ana|...}}*****{{desc|cv-vir|...}}**{{desc|zkz|...}}*{{desc|trk-cmn|*...}}{{top3}}*{{desc|klj-arg|*...}}**{{desc|klj|...}}*{{desc|trk-ogz}}**{{desc|trk-ogz-pro|*...}}***{{desc|trk-oat|...}}****{{desc|az|...}}*****{{desc|az-cls|...}}*****{{desc|qxq|...}}****{{desc|bgx|...}}****{{desc|gag|...}}****{{desc|kmz|...}}****{{desc|ota|...}}*****{{desc|tr|...}}******{{desc|tr-CY|...}}***{{desc|slr|...}}***{{desc|tk|...}}*{{desc|trk-kip}}**{{desc|trk-kbu}}***{{desc|ba|...}}***{{desc|tt|...}}**{{desc|trk-kcu}}***{{desc|qwm-mam|...}}***{{desc|qwm|...}}{{q|Codex Cumanicus}}****{{desc|qwm-arm|...}}*****{{desc|crh|...}}******{{desc|crh-dbj|...}}*****{{desc|krc|...}}*****{{desc|kdr|...}}******{{desc|jct|...}}*****{{desc|kum|...}}*****{{desc|uum|...}}**{{desc|trk-kno}}***{{desc|kaa|...}}***{{desc|kk|...}}***{{desc|nog|...}}***{{desc|sty|...}}**{{desc|trk-kkp}}***{{desc|ky|...}}***{{desc|alt|...}}* Karluk: **{{desc|ili|...}}**{{desc|xqa|...}}***{{desc|zkh|...}}****{{desc|chg|...}}*****{{desc|ug|...}}******{{desc|aib|...}}*****{{desc|uz|...}}*{{desc|trk-sib}}**{{desc|otk|...}}**{{desc|otk-kir|...}}**{{desc|oui|...}}***{{desc|ybe|...}}**{{desc|trk-nsb}}***{{desc|sah|...}}***{{desc|dlg|...}}**{{desc|trk-ssb}}***{{desc|atv|...}}***{{desc|clw|...}}*** Sayan: ****{{desc|tyv|...}}****{{desc|kim|...}}*** Yenisei: ****{{desc|kjh|...}}*****{{desc|kjh-fyu|...}}****{{desc|cjs|...}}{{bottom}}
...which will look like this when seen: * Oghur: *... ** Bulgar: ... (Danube Bulgar) ** Bulgar: ... (Volga Bulgar) *** Old Chuvash: ... **** Middle Chuvash: ... ***** Anatri: ... ***** Viryal: ... ** Khazar: ... * Common Turkic: *...* Arghu: *... ** Khalaj: ... * Oghuz: ** Proto-Oghuz: *... *** Old Anatolian Turkish: ... **** Azerbaijani: ... ***** Classical Azerbaijani: ... ***** Qashqai: ... **** Balkan Gagauz Turkish: ... **** Gagauz: ... **** Khorasani Turkish: ... **** Ottoman Turkish: ... ***** Turkish: ... ****** Cypriot Turkish: ... *** Salar: ... *** Turkmen: ... * Kipchak: ** Kipchak-Bulgar: *** Bashkir: ... *** Tatar: ... ** Kipchak-Cuman: *** Mamluk-Kipchak: ... *** Kipchak: ... (Codex Cumanicus) **** Armeno-Kipchak: ... ***** Crimean Tatar: ... ****** Dobrujan Tatar: ... ***** Karachay-Balkar: ... ****** Karaim: ... ***** Krymchak: ... ***** Kumyk: ... ***** Urum: ... ** Kipchak-Nogai: *** Karakalpak: ... *** Kazakh: ... *** Nogai: ... *** Siberian Tatar: ... ** Kyrgyz-Kipchak: *** Kyrgyz: ... *** Southern Altai: ... * Karluk: ** Ili Turki: ... ** Karakhanid: ... *** Khorezmian Turkic: ... **** Chagatai: ... ***** Uyghur: ... ****** Äynu: ... ***** Uzbek: ... * Siberian Turkic: ** Old Turkic: ... ** Old Kirghiz: ... ** Old Uyghur: ... *** Western Yugur: ... ** North Siberian Turkic: *** Yakut: ... *** Dolgan: ... ** South Siberian Turkic: *** Northern Altai: ... *** Chulym: ... *** Sayan: **** Tuvan: ... **** Tofa: ... *** Yenisei: **** Khakas: ... ***** Fuyu Kyrgyz: ... **** Shor: ...
References, sources
Recommended sources to consult:
{{R:trk:Clauson|entry=|page=}}
{{R:trk:ESTJa||page=|vol=}}
{{R:trk:Rasanen||page=}}
{{R:SIGTYA|page=|vol=}}
{{R:trk-pro:SDM||page=|2=}}
{{R:TMN||page=|vol=}}
{{R:trk:WOT||page=|vol=}}
{{R:otk:DTS||page=}}
{{R:tr:Eren||page=}}
{{R:tr:Nişanyan||url=}}
{{R:tr:Tietze||page=|vol=}}
{{R:cv:Agyagasi:2019||page=}}