Wiktionary:Proto-Turkic entry guidelines
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Proto-Turkic on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
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This is a Wiktionary policy, guideline or common practices page. This is a draft proposal. It is unofficial, and it is unknown whether it is widely accepted by Wiktionary editors. |
| Policies – Entries: CFI - EL - NORM - NPOV - QUOTE - REDIR - DELETE. Languages: LT - AXX. Others: BLOCK - BOTS - VOTES. |
Proto-Turkic is the reconstructed ancestor of the Turkic languages spoken across Eurasia.
Transcription
Proto-Turkic reconstructions in Wiktionary at large uses (or rather, should use) this transcription:
For Proto-Turkic (trk-pro):
Consonants
- Nasals : *m, *n, *ń, *ŋ
- Plosives (fortis) : *p, *t, *č, *k
- Plosives (lenis) : *b, *d, *g
- Sibilants/Liquids : *s, *l, *ĺ, *r, *ŕ, *y
Vowels
- Back vowels (short): *a, *ï, *o, *u
- Back vowels (long): *ā, *ï̄, *ō, *ū
- Front vowels (short): *e, *ẹ, *i, *ö, *ü
- Front vowels (long): *ē, *ẹ̄, *ī, *ȫ, *ǖ
For Proto-Common Turkic (trk-cmn-pro):
Consonants
- Nasals : *m, *n,( *ń,) *ŋ
- Plosives (fortis) : *p, *t, *č, *k
- Plosives (lenis) : *b, *d (~ *δ), *g
- Sibilants/Liquids : *s, *l, *š, *r, *z, *y
Vowels
- Back vowels (short): *a, *ï, *o, *u
- Back vowels (long): *ā, *ï̄, *ō, *ū
- Front vowels (short): *e, *ẹ, *i, *ö, *ü
- Front vowels (long): *ē, *ẹ̄, *ī, *ȫ, *ǖ
Some considerations:
- Lemmas and syllables usually do not start with *p-, *d-, *g-, *l-, *m-, *n-, *ń, *ŋ, *r- and cannot start with *ĺ- (~ *š) and *ŕ- (~ *z). For example:
- *gȫpek (“navel”) starts with *g-, which can't normally occur on the onset position of syllables for Proto-Turkic, but allowed here since it is exclusively an Oghuz-Turkic word, which underwent a sound shift of lenition of initial consonants.
- *lāčïn (“falcon”) starts with *l-, which can't normally occur on the onset position of syllables for Proto-Turkic, but allowed here because it is a loanword.
- Words with Turkic etymologies that start with *š-, like Turkish şaşı or Bashkir шеш (şeş), does not constitute a reason to feature reconstructions starting with *š- (and definitely not *ĺ-.) Those reflexes are secondary assimilated forms of initial *s-, not *š-.
- Affixes are exempt from the previous rule, but they should have hyphens (-) in their page name (see *-lig or *-gān, for example.)
- Diphthongs are not allowed on the Proto-Turkic namespace, being artifacts of the now-discredited 'Altaic' languages hypothesis. For example,
- Reconstructing vowel length for some words can be quite problematic, especially with rarely attested lemmas or historically divergent forms. When two or more reconstructions are stumbled upon, it is best to feature them all under the Alternative reconstructions header.
- *ạ and *ạ̄ are not used (instead written as *a, *ā).
Alternative reconstructions
Any reconstruction that is mentioned in literature can be added here, with obvious limitations. It is best to include the source for the variant reconstructions after, to let the readers trace back to the source, although this is not required. For example:
- *bẹńi (“brain”), which has the following alternative reconstructions: *beńi (per Räsänen) and *beyŋi (per EDAL).
- *tuńak (“hoof”), which has the following alternative reconstruction: *tubńa-k (per EDAL).
Reconstruction notes
Any details that may not be immediately transparent to readers should be mentioned here, if present.
Etymology
Please feature at least two different sources, and please do not create entries without any sources. Recommended sources can be found at in the section below. It is best to feature multiple etymologies, if sources happen to contradict or feature different possible origins.
If the word you wish to include is only mentioned in one particular work, whether or not it is a culturally relevant term or is attested a lot, and if you cannot find any mention of it anywhere else, it would be best (in most contexts) to not include it in the Proto-Turkic namespace.
Links to Altaic reconstructions and the comparison between 'Altaic' cognates are controversial and not accepted by mainstream consensus. These shall be marked as such, if they are to be included (this includes Proto-Mongolic, Proto-Tungusic, Proto-Koreanic and Proto-Japonic.) Please do not create entries where the only source is EDAL (Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages) or use reconstructions from EDAL.
- Note that this does not include possible loanwords into or borrowings from these languages.
Remember that it is always better to refer to multiple sources for proto-forms and etymologies instead of one (this applies to all references.)
Proto-Turkic (trk-pro) is an umbrella term that includes both Proto-Common Turkic (trk-cmn-pro) and the Oghuric languages (trk-ogr).
- Use the trk-pro header only if there is any evidence or a historical trace of for an Oghuric reflex or descendant. If there is none, use the trk-cmn-pro header.
- For example: *kuš (“bird”) uses the trk-cmn-pro header, since no Oghuric reflex (i.e. Chuvash, its predecessors or a language that could have borrowed it from Chuvash or its predecessors) can be found (Chuvash uses the word кайӑк (kajăk), from a different root, instead.)
- This does not mean an Oghuric reflex could not have existed historically, but no evidence for it survived to us. We cannot assume such a word for Proto-Turkic, only Common Turkic.
- This also means, for entries without an Oghuric reflex, we cannot reconstruct any palatal liquid consonants for a lack of evidence (*ŕ and *ĺ.) So Proto-Turkic *kuĺ is not accepted, even though *-ĺ becomes *-š in all descendant languages.
- This is a wide-spread problem in many of Proto-Turkic redirects in the etymology sections of languages, not the namespace itself. One can easily stumble upon *kuĺ, instead of the correct *kuš when looking at the descendant languages' sections. This problem stems from the comparandist and far-fetched etymologies of the EDAL mentioned above (where all Turkic *š's and *z's are taken as their palatal prior values) and is exarcebated when other languages copy from the problematic ones.
- For example: *kuš (“bird”) uses the trk-cmn-pro header, since no Oghuric reflex (i.e. Chuvash, its predecessors or a language that could have borrowed it from Chuvash or its predecessors) can be found (Chuvash uses the word кайӑк (kajăk), from a different root, instead.)
- Likewise, a Proto-Turkic entry with clear Oghuric reflexes (and not only the Turkic languages either, loanwords into Uralic and Slavic languages can also be used as evidence) should not be reconstructed with *š or *z. This is not as common a problem as the inverse explained above.
- Loanwords into other languages should specify the branch which the word was taken from. These should be mentioned. For these, a loanword from Old Uyghur (e.g. Mongolian бурхан (burxan, “god, Buddha”), from Old Uyghur 𐽼𐽳𐽾𐽲𐽰𐽺 (burḫan, “Buddha”)) should not be placed in the same place a loanword from Proto-Turkic should (e.g. айраг (ajrag, “koumiss”), from Proto-Turkic *ayraɣ (“airan, koumiss”).)
- Loanwords can also help with the reconstruction. Usually, dictionaries will feature when and which language the word was loaned from, use that info.
Descendants
The descendants table with all Turkic languages. Languages without any reflexes need not be represented on the page.
Copy and paste this into the 'Descendants' section, and remove the languages/language families that you don't need:
*{{desc|trk-ogr|*...}}**{{desc|xbo}}***{{desc|xbo-dan|...}}***{{desc|xbo-vol|...}}****{{desc|cv-old|...}}*****{{desc|cv-mid|...}}******{{desc|cv-ana|...}}******{{desc|cv-vir|...}}**{{desc|zkz|...}}*{{desc|trk-cmn-pro|*...}}{{top3}}*{{desc|klj-arg|*...}}**{{desc|klj|...}}*{{desc|trk-ogz}}**{{desc|trk-ogz-pro|*...}}***{{desc|trk-oat|...}}****{{desc|az|...}}*****{{desc|az-cls|...}}*****{{desc|qxq|...}}****{{desc|bgx|...}}****{{desc|gag|...}}****{{desc|kmz|...}}****{{desc|ota|...}}*****{{desc|tr|...}}******{{desc|tr-CY|...}}***{{desc|slr|...}}***{{desc|tk|...}}*{{desc|trk-kip}}**{{desc|trk-kbu}}***{{desc|ba|...}}***{{desc|tt|...}}**{{desc|trk-kcu}}***{{desc|qwm-mam|...}}***{{desc|qwm|...}}{{q|Codex Cumanicus}}****{{desc|qwm-arm|...}}****{{desc|crh|...}}*****{{desc|crh-dbj|...}}****{{desc|krc|...}}****{{desc|kdr|...}}*****{{desc|jct|...}}****{{desc|kum|...}}****{{desc|uum|...}}**{{desc|trk-kno}}***{{desc|kaa|...}}***{{desc|kk|...}}***{{desc|nog|...}}***{{desc|sty|...}}**{{desc|trk-kkp}}***{{desc|ky|...}}***{{desc|alt|...}}* Karluk: **{{desc|ili|...}}**{{desc|xqa|...}}***{{desc|zkh|...}}****{{desc|chg|...}}*****{{desc|ug|...}}******{{desc|aib|...}}*****{{desc|uz|...}}*{{desc|trk-sib}}**{{desc|otk|...}}**{{desc|otk-kir|...}}**{{desc|oui|...}}***{{desc|ybe|...}}**{{desc|trk-nsb}}***{{desc|sah|...}}***{{desc|dlg|...}}**{{desc|trk-ssb}}***{{desc|atv|...}}***{{desc|clw|...}}*** Sayan: ****{{desc|tyv|...}}****{{desc|kim|...}}*** Yenisei: ****{{desc|kjh|...}}*****{{desc|kjh-fyu|...}}****{{desc|cjs|...}}{{bottom}}
References, sources
Recommended sources to consult:
{{R:trk:Clauson|entry=|page=}}
{{R:trk:ESTJa||page=|vol=}}
{{R:trk:Rasanen||page=}}
{{R:SIGTYA|page=|vol=}}
{{R:trk-pro:SDM||page=|2=}}
{{R:TMN||page=|vol=}}
{{R:trk:WOT||page=|vol=}}
{{R:otk:DTS||page=}}
{{R:tr:Eren||page=}}
{{R:tr:Nişanyan||url=}}
{{R:tr:Tietze||page=|vol=}}
{{R:cv:Agyagasi:2019||page=}}