Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/ka-
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This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Turkic
Etymology
Compared to Proto-Mongolic *ka- (“interrogative stem”), Proto-Tungusic *xa- (“interrogative stem”). Possibly also Proto-Japonic *ka (“interrogative particle”) and Proto-Uralic *ku (“who, where”) (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronoun
*ka-
- Interrogative stem.
- Synonym: *nē-
Declension
Declension of *ka- (pronominal-n declension)
| Singular | |
|---|---|
| Nominative | *ka |
| Accusative | *kanï |
| Genitive | *kanïŋ |
| Dative | *kaŋa |
| Locative | *kanta |
| Ablative | *kantan |
| Allative 1) | *kaŋaru |
| Instrumental 1) | *kanïn |
| Equative 1) | *kanča |
| Similative 1) | *kanlayu |
| Comitative 1) | *kanlïgu |
1) The original allative, instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
Descendants
- Arghu:
- Oghuz:
- Karluk:
- Kipchak: *kay(ï), *kay(ï)sï
- Siberian:
- ⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanï (“where”)
- ⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kačan (“when”)
- ⇒ Proto-Turkic: *kanča (“when”)
- Oghuz:
- Karluk:
- Kipchak:
- Siberian:
References
- ^ Güneş, Bahadır (2012) “Kars ili ağızlarında “nasıl” soru zarfı ve ölçünlü dilden ayrılan örnekleri üzerine [The use of question word "how" in Kars dialect and some examples apart from the standard use of it in language]”, in Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, volume 2, number 4, pages 49–55
- Rezaei, Mehdi (2018) “Ḳa Zamiri ve Onun Türevleri Hakkında Bazı Tespitler [A Few Points About the Pronoun ka and Its Derivatives]”, in Söylem Filoloji Dergisi, volume 3, number 2, pages 272–283
- al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume III, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, pages 218, 237
- XIII. Yüzyılından Beri Türkiye Türkçesiyle Yazılmış Kitaplarından Toplanan Tanıklarıyle Tarama Sözlüğü (Türk Dil Kurumu yayınları; 212) (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, 1963–1977
- on Turkbitig.com.