Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kāŕ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions

*kāz

Etymology

Considering the bird’s black feathers, it could be a derivative of the word 'black' (see Proto-Turkic *kara), but most data support the hypothesis of an onomatopoeic origin. Probably related to the Hungarian onomatopoeic word gá-gá (“sound a goose makes”). This onomatopoeic formation may serve the same function as other Turkic bird-related words like karga (“crow, black bird”) and kuş (“bird”), compare the Hungarian onomatopoeic word kár-kár ("to croak").

Alternatively, borrowed from some reflex of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (“goose”), perhaps Tocharian. Pedersen derived from Old Armenian *գաս (*gas), the supposed earlier form of սագ (sag, “goose”), but this derivation is implausible. Unlikely to be a direct borrowing from Proto-Indo-European, but perhaps coincidental or a cultural Wanderwort. Compare with Chechen гӏа̄з (ğaaz), Ingush гӏа̄ж (ğaaž).

Noun

*kāŕ

goose

Declension

Declension of *kāŕ
	singular ³⁾
nominative	*kāŕ
accusative	kāŕïg, kāŕnï¹⁾
genitive	*kāŕnïŋ
dative	*kāŕka
locative	*kāŕta
ablative	*kāŕtan
allative	*kāŕgaru
instrumental ²⁾	*kāŕïn
equative ²⁾	*kāŕča
similative ²⁾	*kāŕlayu
comitative ²⁾	*kāŕlïgu

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: хур (hur)
Common Turkic:

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: قاز (qāz, qaz)
  - Azerbaijani: qaz
  - Gagauz: kaaz
  - Ottoman Turkish: قاز (qaz)
    - Turkish: kaz
    - → Zazaki: qaz
    - Kurdish:
      - → Central Kurdish: قاز (qaz)
      - → Northern Kurdish: qaz
    - → Laz: კაზი (ǩazi), ღაზი (ğazi)
    - → Middle Armenian: ղազ (ġaz)
      - Armenian: ղազ (ġaz)
  - Salar: gaz
  - Turkmen: gāz
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: قازْ (qāz, “goose, geese (swans, ducks, swallows)”)
  - Chagatai: غاز (ğaz)
    - Uzbek: gʻoz
    - Uyghur: غاز (ghaz)
Kipchak:
- Armeno-Kipchak: խազ (xaz)
- Kipchak: chax
- Mamluk-Kipchak: قاز (qaz)
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: ҡаҙ (qaź)
  - Tatar: каз (qaz)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: qaz / къаз
  - Karachay-Balkar: къаз (qaz)
  - Karaim: къаз (qaz), каз (kaz)
  - Kumyk: къаз (qaz)
    - → Chechen: гӏа̄з class jj (ğaaz)
    - → Ingush: гӏа̄ж class jj (ğaaž)
- South Kipchak:
  - Caspian:
    - Karakalpak: g'az
    - Kazakh: қаз (qaz)
    - Nogai: каз (kaz)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: каз (kaz)
    - Southern Altai: кас (kas)
Siberian:
- Old Uyghur: q՚z (qaz, “geese”)
  - Western Yugur: (qaz)
- North Siberian:
  - Dolgan: каас (kaas)
  - Yakut: хаас (qaas)
- South Siberian:
  - Sayan Turkic:
    - Tuvan: кас (kas)
    - Tofa: қас (qas)
  - Yenisei Turkic:
    - Khakas: хас (xas)
    - Shor: қас (qas)
  - Altai Turkic:
    - Northern Altai: кас (kas)
→ Abkhaz: а-ҟыз (a-qʼəz)
→ Adyghe: къаз (qaz)
→ Alanic:
- Jassic: caz
- Ossetian: хъаз (qaz)
→ Archi: хъаз (qaz)
→ Avar: хъаз (qxaz)
→ Chechen: гӏаз (ğaz)
→ Dargwa: къаз (ɢaz)
→ Ingush: гӏаж (ğaž)
→ Kabardian: къаз (qaz)
→ Lezgi: къаз (q̄az)
→ Khowar: qoz ‘crane’
→ Persian: غاز (ġâz), قاز (qâz)
- Tajik: ғоз (ġoz)
- → Urdu: قاز (qāz)
→ Pashto: قازه (qā́za)
→ Sangisari: غاز (qāz)

References

^ Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (1997) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov (in Russian), volume V, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, page 184b
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20)‎ (in German), volume III, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 1389, pages 385–387
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Czeglédi, Katalin. The Nature of the Relationship between the Hungarian and Turkish Languages. Journal of Eurasian Studies. Volume IV., Issue 4. October-December 2012.
^ Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 679
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1979) “սագ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, page 152b
^ Pedersen, Holger (1906) “Armenisch und die Nachbarsprachen”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), volume 39, number 3, pages 453–454
^ Pedersen (Pedersən), Holger (1907) H. Tʻovmas Ketikean, transl., Hayerēn ew dracʻi lezunerə (in Armenian), Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, pages 186–187
^ The Proto-Bulgaro-Turkic Urheimat based on geolexical analysis (archived)
^ Schluessel, Eric (2015) “goose”, in Digital glossary of Eastern Turki‎

[1] Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (1997) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov (in Russian), volume V, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, page 184b

[TMN-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20)‎ (in German), volume III, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 1389, pages 385–387

[Katalin-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Czeglédi, Katalin. The Nature of the Relationship between the Hungarian and Turkish Languages. Journal of Eurasian Studies. Volume IV., Issue 4. October-December 2012.

[4] Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 679

[HAB-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1979) “սագ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, page 152b

[6] Pedersen, Holger (1906) “Armenisch und die Nachbarsprachen”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), volume 39, number 3, pages 453–454

[7] Pedersen (Pedersən), Holger (1907) H. Tʻovmas Ketikean, transl., Hayerēn ew dracʻi lezunerə (in Armenian), Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, pages 186–187

[8] The Proto-Bulgaro-Turkic Urheimat based on geolexical analysis (archived)

[9] Schluessel, Eric (2015) “goose”, in Digital glossary of Eastern Turki‎

Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kāŕ

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions

Etymology

Noun

Declension

Descendants

See also

Further reading

References

Wikious

Boobota

Sagapedia

Animals in Turkic
Dog	dog: *ï̄t	Hunting Dog	hunting dog: *eker	Hen	hen: *tiakïgu
Lark	lark: *torgay	Pigeon	dove, pigeon: *kȫkerčin	Quail	quail: *bïldurčïn
Sparrow	sparrow: *serče	Hawk	hawk, falcon: *kïrguy	Goose	goose: *kāŕ
Wolf	wolf: *bȫrü	Cow	cow: *ingek	Calf	calf: *buŕagu
Camel	camel: *tebe	Young Camel	young of camel: kȫĺek, botu	Horse	horse: *at
Foal	foal: *kulun	Worm	worm: *kūrt	Snake	snake: *yï̄lan
Fox	fox: *tilkü	goat	goat: *keči	He-goat	he-goat: *teke
Lion	lion: *arsïlan	Fish	fish: *bālïk	Abramis brama	carp bream: *čapak
Donkey	donkey: *eĺčgek	Carp	carp: *siāŕgan	Catfish	catfish: *yāyïn
Beaver	beaver: *kunduŕ	Hedgehog	hedgehog: *kirpi	Badger	badger: *borsmuk
Fly	fly, mosquito: *siŋek	Bee	wasp, bee: *ārï	Gadlfy	gadfly: *bȫgen
Moth	moth: *küńe	Louse	louse: *bït	Earthworm	earthworm: *sïbuĺgan
Yak	yak: *kotuz	Colt	colt: *sïp	Dragon	dragon: *siāŕgan
Worm	worm: *kūrt	Deer	deer: keyik, sïgun, bulan, bugu	Lizard	lizard: *keleŕ