Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/tog-

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Verb

*tog-

(intransitive) to rise
(Common Turkic, intransitive) to be born
Synonym: *törü-
(Proto-Bulgar, transitive) to do, make
Synonyms: *ẹ̄t-, *yap-, *kïl-

Conjugation

Conjugation of *tog- (Common Turkic)

Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.

Positive

infinitive			*togmak
participle	present		*toggan, togugma, togar
	past		*togduk, togmïš
	future		*togdačï, togmakčï, togsïk, togačak
verbal noun			*togma, togug, toggu
way of doing			*toguš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*togar ben	*togar sen	*togar	*togar biz	*togar siz	*togar
	past	simple	*togdum	*togduŋ	*togdï	*togduk, togdumuz	*togduŋuz	*togdï
	past	inferential	*togmïš ben	*togmïš sen	*togmïš	*togmïš biz	*togmïš siz	*togmïš
	future	simple	*togdačï ben, togmakčï ben, togačak ben	*togdačï sen, togmakčï sen, togačak sen	*togdačï, togmakčï, togačak	*togdačï biz, togmakčï biz, togačak biz	*togdačï siz, togmakčï siz, togačak siz	*togdačï, togmakčï, togačak
		predictive	*toggay ben	*toggay sen	*toggay	*toggay biz	*toggay siz	*toggay
		necessitive	*togsukum	*togsukuŋ	*togsuk	*togsukumuz	*togsukuŋuz	*togsuk
conditional			*togsam, togsar ben	*togsaŋ, togsar sen	*togsa, togsar	*togsak, togsamïz, togsar biz	*togsaŋïz, togsar siz	*togsalar, togsar
optative			*toggay ben	*toggay sen	*toggay	*toggay biz	*toggay siz	*toggay
progressive			*togmakda ben	*togmakda sen	*togmakda	*togmakda biz	*togmakda siz	*togmakda
necessitative			*togmalïg ben	*togmalïg sen	*togmalïg	*togmalïg biz	*togmalïg siz	*togmalïg
imperative			*togayïn	*tog, toggïl	*togzun	*togalïm	*toguŋ	*togzun

Negative

infinitive			*togmamak
participle	present		*togmagan, togmagma, togmaz
	past		*togmaduk, togmamïš
	future		*togmačï, togmasïk, togmayačak
verbal noun			*togmama, togmag, togmagu
way of doing			*togmayuš
			singular			plural
			1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
			*ben	*sen	*ol	*biz	*siz	*olar
indicative	aorist		*togmaz ben	*togmaz sen	*togmaz	*togmaz biz	*togmaz siz	*togmaz
	past	simple	*togmadum	*togmaduŋ	*togmadï	*togmaduk, togmadumuz	*togmaduŋuz	*togmadï
	past	inferential	*togmamïš ben	*togmamïš sen	*togmamïš	*togmamïš biz	*togmamïš siz	*togmamïš
	future	simple	*togmačï ben, togmayačak ben	*togmačï sen, togmayačak sen	*togmačï, togmayačak	*togmačï biz, togmayačak biz	*togmačï siz, togmayačak siz	*togmačï, togmayačak
		predictive	*togmagay ben	*togmagay sen	*togmagay	*togmagay biz	*togmagay siz	*togmagay
		necessitive	*togmasukum	*togmasukuŋ	*togmasuk	*togmasukumuz	*togmasukuŋuz	*togmasuk
conditional			*togmasam, togmasar ben	*togmasaŋ, togmasar sen	*togmasa, togmasar	*togmasak, togmasamïz, togmasar biz	*togmasaŋïz, togmasar siz	*togmasalar, togmasar
optative			*togmagay ben	*togmagay sen	*togmagay	*togmagay biz	*togmagay siz	*togmagay
progressive			*togmamakda ben	*togmamakda sen	*togmamakda	*togmamakda biz	*togmamakda siz	*togmamakda
necessitative			*togmamalïg ben	*togmamalïg sen	*togmamalïg	*togmamalïg biz	*togmamalïg siz	*togmamalïg
imperative			*togmayayïn	*togma, togmagïl	*togmazun	*togmayalïm	*togmayïŋ	*togmazun

Derived terms

⇒ *tog-ur- (“to raise; give birth to”)
⇒ *tog-un- (“to rise”)
⇒ *tog-un (“relative”)

Descendants

Oghur:
- >? Bulgar: طن
  - >? Chuvash: ту (tu, “to do, make”)^[1]^[2]

Arghu:
- Khalaj: toğmaq
Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish:
  - Azerbaijani: doğmaq
  - Ottoman Turkish:
    - Gagauz: duumaa
    - Turkish: doğmak
- Salar: doğğusı
- Turkmen: dogmak
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: (tog-)
  - Chagatai:
    - Uyghur: تۇغۇلماق (tughulmaq)
    - Uzbek: tugʼilmoq
Kipchak:
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: (tuv-)
  - Karachay-Balkar: (tuv-)
  - Karaim: (tuv-)
  - Kumyk: (tuv-)
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: тыуыу (tıwıw)
  - Tatar: туырга (tuwırga), туу (tuwu), тудыру (tudıru)
- South Kipchak:
  - Kipchak-Nogai:
    - Karakalpak: (tuv-)
    - Kazakh: туу (tuu)
    - Nogai: (tuv-)
  - East Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: туулуу (tuuluu)
    - Southern Altai: туур (tuur), туулар (tuular)
Siberian:
- ⇒ Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰆𐰍𐰽𐰴 (toɣsïq)
  - Old Uyghur: (tog-)
    - Western Yugur: (toɣ-)

References

^ Fedotov, M. R. (1996) “ту”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ čuvašskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Chuvash Language] (in Russian), volume II, Cheboksary: Chuvash State Institute of Humanities, pages 240-241
^ Jegorov, V. G. (1964) “ту”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ čuvašskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Chuvash Language] (in Russian), Cheboksary: Čuvašskoje knižnoje izdatelʹstvo, pages 254-255

al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943
Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 465
Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “doğmak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 483
Sevortjan, E. V. (1980) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow: Nauka, page 245

[1] Fedotov, M. R. (1996) “ту”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ čuvašskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Chuvash Language] (in Russian), volume II, Cheboksary: Chuvash State Institute of Humanities, pages 240-241

[2] Jegorov, V. G. (1964) “ту”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ čuvašskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Chuvash Language] (in Russian), Cheboksary: Čuvašskoje knižnoje izdatelʹstvo, pages 254-255

[1]

[2]