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Traditionally taken as a borrowing from the Proto-Indo-Iranian autonym *áryas, or from an earlier stage of development (practically Proto-Indo-European) *óryos, with meaning 'slave' developing in a similar way as Latinsclavus(“slave”) from Sclavus(“Slav”).[1] EVE supports this etymology and argues that the meaning "south, southerner" is a parallel development from the Indo-Aryan endonym through the meaning "a people living south".[2]
Alternative theories exist as well, however, but are not as widely accepted. SSA argues that a borrowing from *áryas is unlikely due to the semantic gap.[3] Koivulehto proposed that the reflexes meaning 'slave, servant' may instead derive from the Proto-Indo-European root *werǵ-(“to work”),[4] but later expressed support for the aforementioned etymology from *áryas.[5]
Proto-Mordvinic: *uŕə(“slave”) (see there for further descendants)
Samic: ? *oarjē(“south”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Finnic: *orja(“slave”) (see there for further descendants)
References
^ Joki, Aulis J. (1973) Uralier und Indogermanen [Uralians and Indo-Europeans] (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia; 151) (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, →ISBN
^ Junttila, Santeri, Kallio, Petri, Holopainen, Sampsa, Kuokkala, Juha, Pystynen, Juho, editors (2020–), “orja”, in Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja (in Finnish), retrieved 2022-11-29
^ Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The origin of Finnish words] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN
^ Koivulehto, Jorma. Indogermanisch – Uralisch: Lehnbeziehungen oder (auch) Urverwandtschaft? (1994), in Bopp-Symposium 1992 der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
^ Koivulehto, Jorma. Varhaiset indoeurooppalaiskontaktit: Aika ja paikka lainasanojen valossa (1999), in Pohjan poluilla: Suomalaisten juuret nykytutkimuksen mukaan
^ Rédei, Károly (1986–88) Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Uralic Etymological Dictionary] (in German), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó