Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hagatussjā

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Germanic *hagatusjō,^[1] from *hagô (“enclosure; pasture”) +‎ *tusjō (“witch, demon”) (whence Norwegian tysja (“witch, demon”)),^[2] compare English hedgewitch. Second element perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews- (“breath; spirit”), whence Proto-Slavic *duxъ (“breath; spirit”).^[3]

Noun

*hagatussjā f^[3]^[4]

witch

Inflection

ōn-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*hagatussjā
Genitive	*hagatussjōn
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*hagatussjā	*hagatussjōn
Accusative	*hagatussjōn	*hagatussjōn
Genitive	*hagatussjōn	*hagatussjōnō
Dative	*hagatussjōn	hagatussjōm, hagatussjum
Instrumental	*hagatussjōn	hagatussjōm, hagatussjum

Alternative reconstructions

*hagatusi^[4]

Descendants

Old English: hægtesse, hæġtes, hæġtess, heġtes, hǣts
- Middle English: hagge, hegge
  - English: hag
Old Frisian: *hegtesse, *hexe
- Saterland Frisian: Häkse
- West Frisian: hekse
Old Saxon: *hagatusia
- Middle Low German: hexe
  - German Low German: Häxe, Hexe
  - Plautdietsch: Hakjs
  - → Danish: heks
  - → Norwegian Nynorsk: heks
  - → Swedish: häxa
Old Dutch: *hagatissa
- Middle Dutch: hagetisse
  - Dutch: hagedis (dialectal)
Old High German: hagzissa, hagazussa, hagzussa, hāzissa, hāzussa, hāzessa, hāzus
- Middle High German: hecse, hesse, hexse, hegxse, hexe
  - German: Hexe
    - → Dutch: heks
      - Afrikaans: heks
      - → Papiamentu: hèks
    - → Polish: heksa
  - Luxembourgish: Hex

References

^
^{The template Template:R:gem:Johnsen:2005 does not use the parameter(s): 2=*hag(a)tis-j-ō-
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Johnsen, Sverre (2005) The Germanic (i)jō-stem declension: Origin and development (PhD thesis)‎, Oslo: University of Oslo, page 73
^ Hellquist, Elof (1922) “häxa”, in Svensk etymologisk ordbok [Swedish etymological dictionary]‎ (in Swedish), Lund: C. W. K. Gleerups förlag
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Friedrich Kluge (1989) “Hexe”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 308: “wg. *haga-tusjō”
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 192: “PWGmc *hagatusi, *hagatusʲsʲā-”

[1] {The template Template:R:gem:Johnsen:2005 does not use the parameter(s): 2=*hag(a)tis-j-ō-
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Johnsen, Sverre (2005) The Germanic (i)jō-stem declension: Origin and development (PhD thesis)‎, Oslo: University of Oslo, page 73

[2] Hellquist, Elof (1922) “häxa”, in Svensk etymologisk ordbok [Swedish etymological dictionary]‎ (in Swedish), Lund: C. W. K. Gleerups förlag

[EWddS-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Friedrich Kluge (1989) “Hexe”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 308: “wg. *haga-tusjō”

[DOE-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 192: “PWGmc *hagatusi, *hagatusʲsʲā-”

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