User:Sokkjo/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/lewǵ-

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*lewǵ-^[1]^[2]^[3]

break (off), shatter

Alternative reconstructions

*lewg-^[4]

Derived terms

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*léwǵ-t ~ *luǵ-énti (athematic root aorist)^[4]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: լուծի (luci, “loosened, untied”)
    - ⇒ Old Armenian: լուծանեմ (lucanem, secondary nasal-present) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hárawkt ~ *Hárukant (rebuilt as a k-aorist)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hárawkt
    - Sanskrit: (मा) रोक् ((mā́) rok, “don't break!”)
  - ⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ruktíš
    - Proto-Iranian: *ruxtíš
      - Avestan: *ᵘruxtíš
        ⇒ Avestan: 𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬑𐬙𐬌 (anauua^uruxti, “the non-breaking of the oath, upholding of the oath”)
        
        ⇒ Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬎𐬑𐬙𐬌 (fra^uruxti, “destruction”)

*lḗwǵ-s-ti ~ *léwǵ-s-n̥t
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hárāwćšta
  - Proto-Iranian: *Hárāwšta
    - Khotanese: (rauṣtä, “breaks, bursts”)

*le-lówǵ-e ~ *le-luǵ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)^[4]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *raráwȷ́a ~ *raruȷ́ā́r
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *raráwȷ́a ~ *raruȷ́ā́r
    - Sanskrit: रुरोज (rurója, “has broken”)

*luǵ-é-ti ("tudati"-type thematic root present)^[4]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: lū́žti (“to fracture”)
  - Latvian: lauzt (“to break, fracture”)
- Proto-Germanic: *leukaną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ruȷ́áti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ruȷ́áti
    - Sanskrit: रुजति (rujati, “to break open, shatter, injure, cause pain”)

*luǵ-yé-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *luȷ́yáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *luȷ́yáti
    - Sanskrit: *lujyáti
      - >? Pali: lukīt (“to share, divide”)^[4]

>? Albanian: lungë (“knot”)^[2]

*lug-tú-s^[2]
- >? Proto-Celtic: *luxtus (“contents, crowd, people”) (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page *leuĝ-: “81”
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “*leuĝ-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 686
^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 372
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1 *leug-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 415-416

This entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Possibly the same root as *lewǵ- (“to break, burst”).

Root

*lewǵ-^[1]

(transitive) to grieve, morn
(intransitive) to be pained, injured

Derived terms

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*lug-é-ti ("tudati"-type thematic root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ruǰáti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ruȷ́áti
    - Sanskrit: रुजति (rujati, “to break open, shatter, injure, cause pain”)

*lówg-éye-ti (eye-causitive)
- Proto-Italic: *lowgeō
  - >? Latin: lūgeō (“to mourn, grieve, lament”)

*lug-ró-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *lugrós
  - Ancient Greek: λυγρός (lugrós, “baneful, mournful”)

Tocharian B: lakle (“pain, suffering”)

Ancient Greek: λευγαλέος (leugaléos, “sad, wretched”)

References

^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 360-361: “*leug-”

[EIEC-1] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page *leuĝ-: “81”

[IEW-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “*leuĝ-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 686

[3] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 372

[LIV-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1 *leug-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 415-416

[5] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 360-361: “*leug-”

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User:Sokkjo/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/lewǵ-

Proto-Indo-European

Root

Alternative reconstructions

Derived terms

References

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Root

Derived terms

References

Wikious

Boobota

Sagapedia