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The following is a partial guide to the handling of Francoprovençal on Wiktionary. The language's name may hereafter be abbreviated to FP.
Writing systems
Description
Semi-phonetic orthography devised by the B ureau r égional pour l'e thnologie et la l inguistique .
Sources
Description
Semi-phonetic orthography devised by the Groupe de Conflans .
Description
Partly etymological and partly diaphonemic orthography proposed by Dominique Stich as a written standard for FP. This is used for lemmatization on Wiktionary for lack of another option.
Sometimes a FP lemma on Wiktionary corresponds to an alternative form in Stich that has been judged a better overall fit for the regional realizations. For instance âr bro (as opposed to Stich's preferred âbro ) has been chosen as a compromise between the regional types , , and .
Sources
Phonetic transcriptions
FP pronunciations on Wiktionary are given in phonetic form, not phonemic. Due to the language's high degree of regional variation, it is inadvisable to add any phonemic transcription without first determining the specific phonology of the (micro-)dialect in question.
All transcriptions are either taken from a linguistic atlas or carefully made by an editor on the basis of a cited audio recording. Most of the atlases use pre-modern phonetic notations, an overview of which is provided below.
Rousselot–Gilliéron notation
Devised in the late nineteenth century by Jean-Pierre Rousselot and Jules Gilliéron . Its use in the monumental Atlas linguistique de la France made it the predominant notation in French dialectology for most of the twentieth century.
Vowels
Vowel qualities found in the ALF , ALLy , and TPh . The IPA approximations used on Wiktionary are placed in parentheses.
The “core” vowels are ⟨i u e œ a ė o ꭒ⟩, which stand for respectively. These form the basis for all other vowel notations.
Quality
◌̀ indicates a relatively open vowel; ◌́ a relatively close vowel.
Example: ⟨è⟩ stands for , the vowel one degree lower than ⟨e⟩ .
Exceptions: ⟨à⟩ and ⟨á⟩ stand for front and back respectively (not *, *).
Vowel superpositions indicate intermediate qualities.
Example: ⟨eͥ⟩ stands for , the vowel between ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩.
◌̇ indicates mid-centralization (only in the TPh ).
Exception: since ⟨ė⟩ is reserved for schwa, the mid-centralized counterpart to ⟨e⟩ is instead written ⟨ë⟩.
Other properties
◌̆ indicates relatively a short duration; ◌̄ a relatively long duration.
Example: ⟨ū́⟩ stands for .
Duration is rarely specified for ⟨ė⟩ (schwa) and never for weakly articulated vowels.
◌̃ indicates nasalization.
Example: ⟨è̃⟩ stands for .
A somewhat wavier tilde, for which there is no unicode symbol, indicates partial nasalization.
Subscript is used to indicate weak articulation.
Example: ⟨ₑ̇⟩ stands for .
◌̩ indicates stress.
Example: ⟨á̩⟩ stands for or .
It is commonly omitted in oxytones, i.e. where French speakers would naturally expect it.
Differences in transcription style
Shows a strong bias towards the “classical” French vowels ⟨é è á à ò ó⟩. Intermediate or indeterminate ⟨e a o⟩ are uncommon, except in the context of weak articulation.
Shows a strong tendency to mark vowels as either short or long, leaving few with intermediate or indeterminate duration.
Shows much the same bias towards “classical” French vowels as the ALF.
Vowel duration is rarely marked.
The top two vowel heights are not distinguished: ⟨í⟩ is transcribed as ⟨i⟩, etc.
Sources
Regional groupings
Faute de mieux , a series of arbitrary groupings has been adapted here from Stich 2003 .
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel .
Sources
ALF : phonetic transcriptions from the following location:
TPh : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Description
Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the city of Neuchâtel .
Sources
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Swiss canton of Vaud .
Sources
ALF : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
TPh : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Arnex , Charnex , Château-d'Œx , Chevroux , Commugny , L'Auberson , Le Sentier , Longirod , Montpreveyres , Ormont-Dessus , Prahins , Roche , Vallorbe , Vaugondry , Villars-le-Terroir , Vullierens
Description
Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the Vaud .
Sources
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Swiss canton of Fribourg .
Sources
ALF : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
DFF : orthographic forms and recordings from the following locations:
TPh : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Description
Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the city of Fribourg .
Sources
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Swiss canton of Valais .
Sources
ALF : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
ALV : phonetic transcriptions and recordings from the following locations:
Arbaz , Chalais , Chamoson , Conthey , Évolène , Fully , Hérémence , Isérables , Lens , Les Marécottes , Liddes , Lourtier , Miège , Montana , Nendaz , Orsières , St-Jean , Savièse , Troistorrents , Val-d'Illiez , Vouvry
APV : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
DFF : orthographic forms and recordings from the following location:
TPh : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Ayent , Champéry , Collombey , Conthey , Évolène , Fully , Grimentz , Grône , Lourtier , Martigny , Miège , Nendaz , Orsières , Savièse , St-Gingolph
Description
Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from Valais .
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Italian region of Aosta Valley .
Sources
AIS : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
ALF : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
ALV : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
APV : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Arnad , Ayas , Champorcher , Cogne , Émarèse , Fénis , Gaby , La Salle , La Thuile , Oyace , Quart , Rhêmes-St-Georges , St-Oyen , Sarre , Valsavarenche , Valtournenche
PVA : orthographic forms and recordings from the following locations:
Allein , Antey-St-André , Aosta , Arnad , Arvier , Avise , Ayas , Aymavilles , Bard , Bionaz , Brissogne , Brusson , Challand-St-Anselme , Challand-St-Victor , Chambave , Chamois , Champdepraz , Champorcher , Charvensod , Châtillon , Cogne , Courmayeur , Donnas , Doues , Émarèse , Étroubles , Fénis , Fontainemore , Gaby , Gignod , Gressan , Hône , Introd , Issogne , Jovençan , La Magdeleine , La Salle , La Thuile , Lillianes , Montjovet , Morgex , Nus , Ollomont , Oyace , Perloz , Pollein , Pontboset , Pontey , Pont-St-Martin , Pré-St-Didier , Quart , Rhêmes-St-Georges , Roisan , St-Christophe , St-Denis , St-Marcel , St-Nicolas , St-Oyen , St-Pierre , St-Rhémy-en-Bosses , St-Vincent , Sarre , Torgnon , Valgrisenche , Valpelline , Valsavarenche , Valtournenche , Verrayes , Verrès , Villeneuve
VIV : phonetic transcriptions and recordings from the following locations:
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Italian region of Piedmont .
Sources
AIS : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
ALP : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Balme , Chialamberto , Chianocco , Coazze , Giaglione , Ingria , Lemie , Mattie , Novalesa , Prato Botrile , Ribordone , San Giuliano
DGL : orthographic forms from the following location:
VFC : orthographic forms from the following location:
VIV : phonetic transcriptions and recordings from the following locations:
Apulien
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Italian region of Apulia .
Sources
AIS : phonetic transcriptions from the following location:
VIV : phonetic transcriptions and recordings from the following location:
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the French departments of Savoie and Haute-Savoie .
Sources
ALF : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Bons , Bozel , Chamonix , Chignin , Épierre , Hauteluce , La Biolle , Lanslebourg , Le Biot , Meillerie , Pringy , St-Martin-de-la-Porte , St-Pierre-de-Rumilly , Séez , Sixt , Thônes , Verrens-Arvey
ALV : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
APV : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
LPT : orthographic forms from the following locations:
Description
Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the city of Chambéry .
Sources
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Swiss canton of Geneva .
Sources
ALF : phonetic transcriptions from the following location:
TPh : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the former territory of the former French province of Franche-Comté .
Sources
ALF : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the territory of the French region of Bugey .
Sources
ALF : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
DFF : orthographic forms and recordings from the following location:
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the former territory of the French province of Dauphiné .
Sources
ALF : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
ALLy : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Description
Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the city of Grenoble .
Sources
Dombiste
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the territory of the French region of Dombes .
Sources
ALF : phonetic transcriptions from the following location:
ALLy : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the territory of the French region of Bresse .
Sources
ALF : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
ALLy : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
DFF : orthographic forms and recordings from the following locations:
Attignat , Boissey , Condal , Cras , Curciat , Coligny , Confrançon , Domsure , La Genête , Lescheroux , Mantenay-Montlin , Montrevel , Marsonnas , Pirajoux , Polliat , St-Cyr , St-Jean-sur-Reyssouze , St-Martin-le-Châtel , St-Rémy , St-Trivier , Romenay , St-Étienne , Ste-Croix-en-Bresse , Savigny , Vandeins , Varennes , Viriat
Description
Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from Bresse .
Sources
Mâconnais
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the French arrondissement of Mâcon .
Sources
ALF : phonetic transcriptions from the following location:
ALLy : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the territory of the French region of Beaujolais .
Sources
ALF : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
ALLy : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
DPB : orthographic transcriptions from the following location:
Description
Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from Beaujolais .
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the former territory of the French province of Lyonnais .
Sources
ALF : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
ALLy : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Affoux , Courzieu , Feyzin , Haute-Rivoire , Larajasse , Marennes , Poleymieux , Soucieu , Ste-Consorce , St-Germain , St-Jean-de-Touslas
Description
Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the city of Lyon .
Sources
Description
Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the territory of the French region of Forez .
Sources
ALF : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
ALLy : phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
Arcon , Arthun , Coutouvre , Essertines , Jas , La Valla , Poncins , Roisey , Sail-les-Bains , St-Bonnet-des-Quarts , St-Bonnet-les-Oules , St-Denis-de-Cabane , Ste-Colombe , Ste-Croix-en-Jarez , St-Georges , St-Jodard , St-Marcel-d'Urfé , St-Maurice-sur-Loire , Sury
Description
Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from region of Forez .
Sources
Bibliography
AIS
Citation
Jaberg, Karl & Jud, Jakob. 1928‒40. Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz . Zofingen: Ringier.
Dates of fieldwork
1919‒28
Phonetic notation
Online access
ALF
Citation
Gilliéron, Jules & Edmont, Edmond. 1902‒10. Atlas linguistique de la France . Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.
Dates of fieldwork
1897‒1901
Phonetic notation
Online access
ALLy
Gardette, Pierre. 1950‒76. Atlas linguistique et ethnographique du Lyonnais . Paris: CNRS.
Dates of fieldwork
1945‒8
Phonetic notation
Online access
ALP
( shortened from ALEPO )
Citation
Vv.Aa. 2003‒. Atlante Linguistico ed Etnografico del Piemonte Occidentale - ALEPO .
Dates of fieldwork
1980‒91
Phonetic notation
International Phonetic Alphabet
Online access
ALV
( shortened from ALAVAL )
Citation
Diémoz, Federica & Kristol, Andres (eds). 2019. Atlas linguistique audiovisuel du francoprovençal valaisan . Neuchâtel: University of Neuchâtel.
Dates of fieldwork
1994‒2001
Phonetic notation
International Phonetic Alphabet
Online access
APV
Citation
Fave, Saverio & Raimondi, Gianmario (eds.) 2020. Atlas des patois valdôtains. APV/1 – Le lait et les activités laitières . Arvier: Le Château.
Dates of fieldwork
1973‒2001
Phonetic notation
International Phonetic Alphabet
Online access
DFF
Citation
University of Montréal. Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal . <https://dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca >
Writing system
DFP
Citation
Kolly, Albert & Monnard, Jean-Marie & Thorimbert, Jean-Louis. 2013. Dictionnaire français-patois . Société cantonale des patoisants fribourgeois.
Online access
<https://apps.apple.com/za/app/dikchen%C3%A9ro/id710440993 > for a free application featuring much of its content
DGL
Citation
Vv.Aa. 2011. Dizionario Giaglionese . Borgone: Edizione del Graffio.
Writing system
An esoteric semi-phonetic orthography.
Online access
DLG
Citation
University of Zurich. Documents linguistiques galloromans . <https://www.rose.uzh.ch/docling/ >
DPB
Citation
Comby, Auguste. 1994. Dictionnaire du patois de Belleroche (Loire) . Dijon: Association bourguinonne de Dialectologie et d'Onomastique / Institut Pierre Gardette.
Writing system
DSV
Citation
Constantin, Aimé & Désormaux, Joseph. 1902. Dictionnaire savoyard . Paris: Librairie Émile Bouillon / Annecy : Imprimerie Abry.
Writing system
Esoteric; see pages XXV–XLII.
Online access
GPSR
Gauchet, Louis & Jeanjaquet, Jules & Tappolet, Ernest. 1924‒33. Glossaire des patois de la Suisse romande . Neuchâtel: Attinger.
Online access
<https://www.unine.ch/isla/en/home/presentation/gpsr.html >
LPT
Citation
Célestin, Duch. Béjean, Henri. 1998. Le patois de Tignes (Savoie) . Grenoble: ELLUG.
Writing system
MHN
Citation
Matile, George-Auguste. 1844–8. Monuments de l'histoire de Neuchâtel . 2 vols. Neuchâtel: Attinger.
Online access
PhL
Citation
Philipon, Édouard. 1884. “Phonétique lyonnaise au XIVe siècle”. Romania . 13: 542–90.
Online access
<https://www.persee.fr/doc/roma_0035-8029_1884_num_13_52_6326 >
PVA
Citation
Autonomous region of Aosta Valley. PatoisVdA . <https://www.patoisvda.org/ >
Writing system
Graphie BREL
RPGR
Citation
Gilliéron, Jules & Rousselot, Jean-Pierre. 1887–92. Revue des patois gallo-romans . 5 vols. Paris/Neuchâtel: Champion/Attinger (1887–8), Paris: Welter (1890–2).
Online access
<https://archive.org/search?query=Revue+des+patois+gallo-romans >
SSV
Citation
Vv.Aa. Mémoires et documents . Chambéry: Société savoisienne d'histoire et d'archéologie.
Online access
Stich 2001
Citation
Stich, Dominique. 2001. Francoprovençal: Proposition d'une orthographe supra-dialectale standardisée . Thesis. University of Paris.
Writing system
Online access
<http://www.arpitania.eu/aca/documents/These_Stich_2001.pdf >
Stich 2003
Citation
Stich, Dominique. 2003. Dictionnaire francoprovençal/français, français/francoprovençal: Dictionnaire des mots de base du francoprovençal: Orthographe ORB supradialectale standardisée . Thonon-les-Bains: Éditions Le Carré.
Writing system
TPh
Citation
Gauchet, Louis & Jeanjaquet, Jules & Tappolet, Ernest. 1925. Tableaux phonétiques des patois suisses romands: relevés comparatifs d’environ 500 mots dans 62 patois-types . Neuchâtel: Attinger.
Dates of fieldwork
1904‒7
Phonetic notation
Online access
VFC
Citation
Genta, Diego Toumazìna & Santacroce, Claudio. 2013. Vocabolario del patois francoprovenzale di Ceres (Valli di Lanzo) . Turin: Il Punto.
Writing system
VIV
( shortened from VIVALDI )
Citation
Kattenbusch, Dieter et al. (1998‒), Vivaio acustico delle lingue e dei dialetti d’Italia . Berlin: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Romanistik.
Dates of fieldwork
1992‒present
Phonetic notation
Online access
Notes
^ See here for an overview.
^ More precisely, the vowel between ⟨é⟩ and ⟨ì⟩. Acute and grave accents are frequently omitted in superpositions.
^ In IPA this can be represented as ⁽◌̃⁾.
^ Due to this ambiguity, the TPh's ⟨i u ꭒ⟩ are transcribed on Wiktionary as , as opposed to the used to transcribe the same symbols in the ALF and ALLy. (See the table above.)
^ The DFF places the local parler bugiste under “bressan” for convenience.
^ An overview is available here .