The first usage of this phrase is commonly attributed to Frederick the Great of Prussia as chronicled by Bernhard von Bülow, who was Chancellor of the German Empire from 1900 - 1909. Bülow citation of the given phrase was found in a speech to the Reichstag in late 1902 written in response to a public speech by the British Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain (father of WWII Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain) which criticized the German army's conduct during the Franco-Prussian War. Bülow was trying to end the debate on this matter within the Reichstag, so he said of Chamberlain: "Let the man alone, he's biting on granite!" meaning that Chamberlain's criticism required no response because it would have no meaningful effect and the matter should be dropped. Regarding the chess-related usage of the phrase, it occurs multiple times in the last book written by Siegbert Tarrasch before his death. Titled The Game of Chess when published in English in 1987, it was first published in German in 1931 as Das Schachspiel.
bite on granite (third-person singular simple present bites on granite, present participle biting on granite, simple past bit on granite, past participle bitten on granite)