cenél

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Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *kenetlom (“race, nation”).

Pronunciation

Noun

cenél n (genitive ceníuil or cenéuil or cenéoil, nominative plural cenél or cenéla)

  1. race (group of people set apart from others on the basis of a common heritage)
    • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 6c7
      Léic úait inna biada milsi et tomil innahí-siu do·mmeil do chenél arnáp hésom con·éit détso.
      Put away from you sg the sweet foods, and consume those that your race consumes, so that it may not be he who is indulgent to you.
  2. nation, people (group of persons forming or belonging to a particular nation etc.)
    • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 5c3
      ɔ·ríctar huili genti ꝉ drécht caich ceníuil
      till all the Gentiles are saved, or a portion of every nation
    • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 67b24
      Inna c{h}enél fo·rrorbris, fos·roammámigestar dïa molad ⁊ dïa adrad.
      The peoples whom he has routed, he has subjugated them to his praise and to his worship.
  3. kind (type, race, or category)
  4. (grammar) gender
    • c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 190b4
      At·robair cach cenél.
      Every gender can say it.

Declension

Neuter o-stem
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative cenélN cenélN cenélL, cenéla
Vocative cenélN cenélN cenélL, cenéla
Accusative cenélN cenélN cenélL, cenéla
Genitive cenéuilL, ceníuil, cenéoil cenél cenélN
Dative cenéulL cenélaib cenélaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

  • Irish: cineál
  • Scottish Gaelic: cineal

Mutation

Mutation of cenél
radical lenition nasalization
cenél chenél cenél
pronounced with /ɡ(ʲ)-/

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

Wikious
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