Tone H
|
Infinitive
|
ukuthandana
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
Infinitive
|
ukuthandana
|
ukungathandani
|
|
Imperative
|
|
Simple
|
+ object concord
|
Singular
|
thandana
|
-thandane
|
Plural
|
thandanani
|
-thandaneni
|
|
Present
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyathandana, ngithandana
|
engithandanayo, engithandana
|
ngithandana
|
angithandani
|
engingathandani
|
ngingathandani
|
2nd singular
|
uyathandana, uthandana
|
othandanayo, othandana
|
uthandana
|
awuthandani
|
ongathandani
|
ungathandani
|
1st plural
|
siyathandana, sithandana
|
esithandanayo, esithandana
|
sithandana
|
asithandani
|
esingathandani
|
singathandani
|
2nd plural
|
niyathandana, nithandana
|
enithandanayo, enithandana
|
nithandana
|
anithandani
|
eningathandani
|
ningathandani
|
Class 1
|
uyathandana, uthandana
|
othandanayo, othandana
|
ethandana
|
akathandani
|
ongathandani
|
engathandani
|
Class 2
|
bayathandana, bathandana
|
abathandanayo, abathandana
|
bethandana
|
abathandani
|
abangathandani
|
bengathandani
|
Class 3
|
uyathandana, uthandana
|
othandanayo, othandana
|
uthandana
|
awuthandani
|
ongathandani
|
ungathandani
|
Class 4
|
iyathandana, ithandana
|
ethandanayo, ethandana
|
ithandana
|
ayithandani
|
engathandani
|
ingathandani
|
Class 5
|
liyathandana, lithandana
|
elithandanayo, elithandana
|
lithandana
|
alithandani
|
elingathandani
|
lingathandani
|
Class 6
|
ayathandana, athandana
|
athandanayo, athandana
|
ethandana
|
awathandani
|
angathandani
|
engathandani
|
Class 7
|
siyathandana, sithandana
|
esithandanayo, esithandana
|
sithandana
|
asithandani
|
esingathandani
|
singathandani
|
Class 8
|
ziyathandana, zithandana
|
ezithandanayo, ezithandana
|
zithandana
|
azithandani
|
ezingathandani
|
zingathandani
|
Class 9
|
iyathandana, ithandana
|
ethandanayo, ethandana
|
ithandana
|
ayithandani
|
engathandani
|
ingathandani
|
Class 10
|
ziyathandana, zithandana
|
ezithandanayo, ezithandana
|
zithandana
|
azithandani
|
ezingathandani
|
zingathandani
|
Class 11
|
luyathandana, luthandana
|
oluthandanayo, oluthandana
|
luthandana
|
aluthandani
|
olungathandani
|
lungathandani
|
Class 14
|
buyathandana, buthandana
|
obuthandanayo, obuthandana
|
buthandana
|
abuthandani
|
obungathandani
|
bungathandani
|
Class 15
|
kuyathandana, kuthandana
|
okuthandanayo, okuthandana
|
kuthandana
|
akuthandani
|
okungathandani
|
kungathandani
|
Class 17
|
kuyathandana, kuthandana
|
okuthandanayo, okuthandana
|
kuthandana
|
akuthandani
|
okungathandani
|
kungathandani
|
|
Recent past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngithandanile, ngithandanē
|
engithandanile, engithandanē
|
ngithandanile, ngithandanē
|
angithandananga
|
engingathandananga
|
ngingathandananga
|
2nd singular
|
uthandanile, uthandanē
|
othandanile, othandanē
|
uthandanile, uthandanē
|
awuthandananga
|
ongathandananga
|
ungathandananga
|
1st plural
|
sithandanile, sithandanē
|
esithandanile, esithandanē
|
sithandanile, sithandanē
|
asithandananga
|
esingathandananga
|
singathandananga
|
2nd plural
|
nithandanile, nithandanē
|
enithandanile, enithandanē
|
nithandanile, nithandanē
|
anithandananga
|
eningathandananga
|
ningathandananga
|
Class 1
|
uthandanile, uthandanē
|
othandanile, othandanē
|
ethandanile, ethandanē
|
akathandananga
|
ongathandananga
|
engathandananga
|
Class 2
|
bathandanile, bathandanē
|
abathandanile, abathandanē
|
bethandanile, bethandanē
|
abathandananga
|
abangathandananga
|
bengathandananga
|
Class 3
|
uthandanile, uthandanē
|
othandanile, othandanē
|
uthandanile, uthandanē
|
awuthandananga
|
ongathandananga
|
ungathandananga
|
Class 4
|
ithandanile, ithandanē
|
ethandanile, ethandanē
|
ithandanile, ithandanē
|
ayithandananga
|
engathandananga
|
ingathandananga
|
Class 5
|
lithandanile, lithandanē
|
elithandanile, elithandanē
|
lithandanile, lithandanē
|
alithandananga
|
elingathandananga
|
lingathandananga
|
Class 6
|
athandanile, athandanē
|
athandanile, athandanē
|
ethandanile, ethandanē
|
awathandananga
|
angathandananga
|
engathandananga
|
Class 7
|
sithandanile, sithandanē
|
esithandanile, esithandanē
|
sithandanile, sithandanē
|
asithandananga
|
esingathandananga
|
singathandananga
|
Class 8
|
zithandanile, zithandanē
|
ezithandanile, ezithandanē
|
zithandanile, zithandanē
|
azithandananga
|
ezingathandananga
|
zingathandananga
|
Class 9
|
ithandanile, ithandanē
|
ethandanile, ethandanē
|
ithandanile, ithandanē
|
ayithandananga
|
engathandananga
|
ingathandananga
|
Class 10
|
zithandanile, zithandanē
|
ezithandanile, ezithandanē
|
zithandanile, zithandanē
|
azithandananga
|
ezingathandananga
|
zingathandananga
|
Class 11
|
luthandanile, luthandanē
|
oluthandanile, oluthandanē
|
luthandanile, luthandanē
|
aluthandananga
|
olungathandananga
|
lungathandananga
|
Class 14
|
buthandanile, buthandanē
|
obuthandanile, obuthandanē
|
buthandanile, buthandanē
|
abuthandananga
|
obungathandananga
|
bungathandananga
|
Class 15
|
kuthandanile, kuthandanē
|
okuthandanile, okuthandanē
|
kuthandanile, kuthandanē
|
akuthandananga
|
okungathandananga
|
kungathandananga
|
Class 17
|
kuthandanile, kuthandanē
|
okuthandanile, okuthandanē
|
kuthandanile, kuthandanē
|
akuthandananga
|
okungathandananga
|
kungathandananga
|
|
Remote past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngāthandana
|
engāthandana
|
ngāthandana
|
angithandananga
|
engingathandananga
|
ngingathandananga
|
2nd singular
|
wāthandana
|
owāthandana
|
wāthandana
|
awuthandananga
|
ongathandananga
|
ungathandananga
|
1st plural
|
sāthandana
|
esāthandana
|
sāthandana
|
asithandananga
|
esingathandananga
|
singathandananga
|
2nd plural
|
nāthandana
|
enāthandana
|
nāthandana
|
anithandananga
|
eningathandananga
|
ningathandananga
|
Class 1
|
wāthandana
|
owāthandana
|
āthandana
|
akathandananga
|
ongathandananga
|
engathandananga
|
Class 2
|
bāthandana
|
abāthandana
|
bāthandana
|
abathandananga
|
abangathandananga
|
bengathandananga
|
Class 3
|
wāthandana
|
owāthandana
|
wāthandana
|
awuthandananga
|
ongathandananga
|
ungathandananga
|
Class 4
|
yāthandana
|
eyāthandana
|
yāthandana
|
ayithandananga
|
engathandananga
|
ingathandananga
|
Class 5
|
lāthandana
|
elāthandana
|
lāthandana
|
alithandananga
|
elingathandananga
|
lingathandananga
|
Class 6
|
āthandana
|
āthandana
|
āthandana
|
awathandananga
|
angathandananga
|
engathandananga
|
Class 7
|
sāthandana
|
esāthandana
|
sāthandana
|
asithandananga
|
esingathandananga
|
singathandananga
|
Class 8
|
zāthandana
|
ezāthandana
|
zāthandana
|
azithandananga
|
ezingathandananga
|
zingathandananga
|
Class 9
|
yāthandana
|
eyāthandana
|
yāthandana
|
ayithandananga
|
engathandananga
|
ingathandananga
|
Class 10
|
zāthandana
|
ezāthandana
|
zāthandana
|
azithandananga
|
ezingathandananga
|
zingathandananga
|
Class 11
|
lwāthandana
|
olwāthandana
|
lwāthandana
|
aluthandananga
|
olungathandananga
|
lungathandananga
|
Class 14
|
bāthandana
|
obāthandana
|
bāthandana
|
abuthandananga
|
obungathandananga
|
bungathandananga
|
Class 15
|
kwāthandana
|
okwāthandana
|
kwāthandana
|
akuthandananga
|
okungathandananga
|
kungathandananga
|
Class 17
|
kwāthandana
|
okwāthandana
|
kwāthandana
|
akuthandananga
|
okungathandananga
|
kungathandananga
|
|
Potential
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngingathandana
|
—
|
ngingathandana
|
ngingethandane
|
—
|
ngingethandane
|
2nd singular
|
ungathandana
|
—
|
ungathandana
|
ungethandane
|
—
|
ungethandane
|
1st plural
|
singathandana
|
—
|
singathandana
|
singethandane
|
—
|
singethandane
|
2nd plural
|
ningathandana
|
—
|
ningathandana
|
ningethandane
|
—
|
ningethandane
|
Class 1
|
angathandana
|
—
|
engathandana
|
angethandane
|
—
|
engethandane
|
Class 2
|
bangathandana
|
—
|
bengathandana
|
bangethandane
|
—
|
bengethandane
|
Class 3
|
ungathandana
|
—
|
ungathandana
|
ungethandane
|
—
|
ungethandane
|
Class 4
|
ingathandana
|
—
|
ingathandana
|
ingethandane
|
—
|
ingethandane
|
Class 5
|
lingathandana
|
—
|
lingathandana
|
lingethandane
|
—
|
lingethandane
|
Class 6
|
angathandana
|
—
|
engathandana
|
angethandane
|
—
|
engethandane
|
Class 7
|
singathandana
|
—
|
singathandana
|
singethandane
|
—
|
singethandane
|
Class 8
|
zingathandana
|
—
|
zingathandana
|
zingethandane
|
—
|
zingethandane
|
Class 9
|
ingathandana
|
—
|
ingathandana
|
ingethandane
|
—
|
ingethandane
|
Class 10
|
zingathandana
|
—
|
zingathandana
|
zingethandane
|
—
|
zingethandane
|
Class 11
|
lungathandana
|
—
|
lungathandana
|
lungethandane
|
—
|
lungethandane
|
Class 14
|
bungathandana
|
—
|
bungathandana
|
bungethandane
|
—
|
bungethandane
|
Class 15
|
kungathandana
|
—
|
kungathandana
|
kungethandane
|
—
|
kungethandane
|
Class 17
|
kungathandana
|
—
|
kungathandana
|
kungethandane
|
—
|
kungethandane
|
|
Immediate future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngizothandana
|
engizothandana
|
ngizothandana
|
angizuthandana
|
engingezuthandana
|
ngingezuthandana
|
2nd singular
|
uzothandana
|
ozothandana
|
uzothandana
|
awuzuthandana
|
ongezuthandana
|
ungezuthandana
|
1st plural
|
sizothandana
|
esizothandana
|
sizothandana
|
asizuthandana
|
esingezuthandana
|
singezuthandana
|
2nd plural
|
nizothandana
|
enizothandana
|
nizothandana
|
anizuthandana
|
eningezuthandana
|
ningezuthandana
|
Class 1
|
uzothandana
|
ozothandana
|
ezothandana
|
akazuthandana
|
ongezuthandana
|
engezuthandana
|
Class 2
|
bazothandana
|
abazothandana
|
bezothandana
|
abazuthandana
|
abangezuthandana
|
bengezuthandana
|
Class 3
|
uzothandana
|
ozothandana
|
uzothandana
|
awuzuthandana
|
ongezuthandana
|
ungezuthandana
|
Class 4
|
izothandana
|
ezothandana
|
izothandana
|
ayizuthandana
|
engezuthandana
|
ingezuthandana
|
Class 5
|
lizothandana
|
elizothandana
|
lizothandana
|
alizuthandana
|
elingezuthandana
|
lingezuthandana
|
Class 6
|
azothandana
|
azothandana
|
ezothandana
|
awazuthandana
|
angezuthandana
|
engezuthandana
|
Class 7
|
sizothandana
|
esizothandana
|
sizothandana
|
asizuthandana
|
esingezuthandana
|
singezuthandana
|
Class 8
|
zizothandana
|
ezizothandana
|
zizothandana
|
azizuthandana
|
ezingezuthandana
|
zingezuthandana
|
Class 9
|
izothandana
|
ezothandana
|
izothandana
|
ayizuthandana
|
engezuthandana
|
ingezuthandana
|
Class 10
|
zizothandana
|
ezizothandana
|
zizothandana
|
azizuthandana
|
ezingezuthandana
|
zingezuthandana
|
Class 11
|
luzothandana
|
oluzothandana
|
luzothandana
|
aluzuthandana
|
olungezuthandana
|
lungezuthandana
|
Class 14
|
buzothandana
|
obuzothandana
|
buzothandana
|
abuzuthandana
|
obungezuthandana
|
bungezuthandana
|
Class 15
|
kuzothandana
|
okuzothandana
|
kuzothandana
|
akuzuthandana
|
okungezuthandana
|
kungezuthandana
|
Class 17
|
kuzothandana
|
okuzothandana
|
kuzothandana
|
akuzuthandana
|
okungezuthandana
|
kungezuthandana
|
|
Remote future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyothandana
|
engiyothandana
|
ngiyothandana
|
angiyuthandana
|
engingeyuthandana
|
ngingeyuthandana
|
2nd singular
|
uyothandana
|
oyothandana
|
uyothandana
|
awuyuthandana
|
ongeyuthandana
|
ungeyuthandana
|
1st plural
|
siyothandana
|
esiyothandana
|
siyothandana
|
asiyuthandana
|
esingeyuthandana
|
singeyuthandana
|
2nd plural
|
niyothandana
|
eniyothandana
|
niyothandana
|
aniyuthandana
|
eningeyuthandana
|
ningeyuthandana
|
Class 1
|
uyothandana
|
oyothandana
|
eyothandana
|
akayuthandana
|
ongeyuthandana
|
engeyuthandana
|
Class 2
|
bayothandana
|
abayothandana
|
beyothandana
|
abayuthandana
|
abangeyuthandana
|
bengeyuthandana
|
Class 3
|
uyothandana
|
oyothandana
|
uyothandana
|
awuyuthandana
|
ongeyuthandana
|
ungeyuthandana
|
Class 4
|
iyothandana
|
eyothandana
|
iyothandana
|
ayiyuthandana
|
engeyuthandana
|
ingeyuthandana
|
Class 5
|
liyothandana
|
eliyothandana
|
liyothandana
|
aliyuthandana
|
elingeyuthandana
|
lingeyuthandana
|
Class 6
|
ayothandana
|
ayothandana
|
eyothandana
|
awayuthandana
|
angeyuthandana
|
engeyuthandana
|
Class 7
|
siyothandana
|
esiyothandana
|
siyothandana
|
asiyuthandana
|
esingeyuthandana
|
singeyuthandana
|
Class 8
|
ziyothandana
|
eziyothandana
|
ziyothandana
|
aziyuthandana
|
ezingeyuthandana
|
zingeyuthandana
|
Class 9
|
iyothandana
|
eyothandana
|
iyothandana
|
ayiyuthandana
|
engeyuthandana
|
ingeyuthandana
|
Class 10
|
ziyothandana
|
eziyothandana
|
ziyothandana
|
aziyuthandana
|
ezingeyuthandana
|
zingeyuthandana
|
Class 11
|
luyothandana
|
oluyothandana
|
luyothandana
|
aluyuthandana
|
olungeyuthandana
|
lungeyuthandana
|
Class 14
|
buyothandana
|
obuyothandana
|
buyothandana
|
abuyuthandana
|
obungeyuthandana
|
bungeyuthandana
|
Class 15
|
kuyothandana
|
okuyothandana
|
kuyothandana
|
akuyuthandana
|
okungeyuthandana
|
kungeyuthandana
|
Class 17
|
kuyothandana
|
okuyothandana
|
kuyothandana
|
akuyuthandana
|
okungeyuthandana
|
kungeyuthandana
|
|
Present subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngithandane
|
ngingathandani
|
2nd singular
|
uthandane
|
ungathandani
|
1st plural
|
sithandane
|
singathandani
|
2nd plural
|
nithandane
|
ningathandani
|
Class 1
|
athandane
|
angathandani
|
Class 2
|
bathandane
|
bangathandani
|
Class 3
|
uthandane
|
ungathandani
|
Class 4
|
ithandane
|
ingathandani
|
Class 5
|
lithandane
|
lingathandani
|
Class 6
|
athandane
|
angathandani
|
Class 7
|
sithandane
|
singathandani
|
Class 8
|
zithandane
|
zingathandani
|
Class 9
|
ithandane
|
ingathandani
|
Class 10
|
zithandane
|
zingathandani
|
Class 11
|
luthandane
|
lungathandani
|
Class 14
|
buthandane
|
bungathandani
|
Class 15
|
kuthandane
|
kungathandani
|
Class 17
|
kuthandane
|
kungathandani
|
|
Past subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngathandana
|
ngangathandana, angathandana, angangathandana
|
2nd singular
|
wathandana
|
wangathandana, awathandana, awangathandana
|
1st plural
|
sathandana
|
sangathandana, asathandana, asangathandana
|
2nd plural
|
nathandana
|
nangathandana, anathandana, anangathandana
|
Class 1
|
wathandana
|
wangathandana, akathandana, akangathandana
|
Class 2
|
bathandana
|
bangathandana, abathandana, abangathandana
|
Class 3
|
wathandana
|
wangathandana, awathandana, awangathandana
|
Class 4
|
yathandana
|
yangathandana, ayathandana, ayangathandana
|
Class 5
|
lathandana
|
langathandana, alathandana, alangathandana
|
Class 6
|
athandana
|
angathandana, awathandana, awangathandana
|
Class 7
|
sathandana
|
sangathandana, asathandana, asangathandana
|
Class 8
|
zathandana
|
zangathandana, azathandana, azangathandana
|
Class 9
|
yathandana
|
yangathandana, ayathandana, ayangathandana
|
Class 10
|
zathandana
|
zangathandana, azathandana, azangathandana
|
Class 11
|
lwathandana
|
lwangathandana, alwathandana, alwangathandana
|
Class 14
|
bathandana
|
bangathandana, abathandana, abangathandana
|
Class 15
|
kwathandana
|
kwangathandana, akwathandana, akwangathandana
|
Class 17
|
kwathandana
|
kwangathandana, akwathandana, akwangathandana
|