جرذ

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See also: جرد

Arabic

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Alternative forms

Etymology

From the root ج ر د (j-r-d) related to gnawing the exterior off, a variation like in the also common جِذْر (jiḏr, “root”) from ج د ر (j-d-r). In dialects also جُرْذ (jurḏ), and جُرْد (jurd), but a stop for this spirant is common in dialects. It finds cognates in Mehri gərḏīn (“rat”), Harsusi gerḏīn (“rat”), Classical Syriac ܓܪܕܐ (garḏā, “beaver”), Akkadian 𒂵𒊑𒁺 (/⁠gāridu⁠/, “beaver”) and is alleged to be an inter-Semitic borrowing, specifically passed into Arabic from Aramaic, and ultimately an Iranian loanword based on the trade of castoreum comparing Gilaki گرزه (garze, garza, “rat”), Bakhtiari گرزه (girza, gerza, “rat”), obsolete rare Classical Persian گرزه (garza, “rat”), metathetical Khwarezmian (ʾrdɣyk, “rat”), Ormuri (gilak, “rat”), Gilaki غل (ğal, “mouse”), Mazanderani گل (gal, “mouse”), which are brought together with Ancient Greek γαλέη (galéē, “mustelid”) and Latin glīs (“doormouse”) and Sanskrit गिरि (giri, “mouse”) to claim a Proto-Indo-European *gl̥h₁éys or similar but are in turn due the consonant variations suspected by Schwartz to be from Semitic although he also pondered the reverse direction, not acquainted with Semitic cognates to the Arabic, himself proposing a derivation from the stem of Persian گزنه (gazane, “nettle”) (probably a Caspian borrowing) which is in Gilaki گرزنه (garzane, “nettle”) with a base meaning “to bite, to sting”, Persian گزیدن (gazidan).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /d͡ʒu.rað/
  • Audio:(file)

Noun

جُرَذ • (juraḏ) m (plural جِرْذان (jirḏān) or جُرْذَان (jurḏān))

  1. rat (without any qualifying adjective sensu strictu referring to Rattus gen. et spp. and Meriones gen. et spp.)

Declension

Declension of noun جُرَذ (juraḏ)
Singular basic singular triptote
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal جُرَذ
juraḏ 		الْجُرَذ
al-juraḏ 		جُرَذ
juraḏ
Nominative جُرَذٌ
juraḏun 		الْجُرَذُ
al-juraḏu 		جُرَذُ
juraḏu
Accusative جُرَذًا
juraḏan 		الْجُرَذَ
al-juraḏa 		جُرَذَ
juraḏa
Genitive جُرَذٍ
juraḏin 		الْجُرَذِ
al-juraḏi 		جُرَذِ
juraḏi
Dual Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal جُرَذَيْن
juraḏayn 		الْجُرَذَيْن
al-juraḏayn 		جُرَذَيْ
juraḏay
Nominative جُرَذَانِ
juraḏāni 		الْجُرَذَانِ
al-juraḏāni 		جُرَذَا
juraḏā
Accusative جُرَذَيْنِ
juraḏayni 		الْجُرَذَيْنِ
al-juraḏayni 		جُرَذَيْ
juraḏay
Genitive جُرَذَيْنِ
juraḏayni 		الْجُرَذَيْنِ
al-juraḏayni 		جُرَذَيْ
juraḏay
Plural basic broken plural triptote
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal جِرْذان‎; جُرْذَان
jirḏān‎; jurḏān 		الْجِرْذان‎; الْجُرْذَان
al-jirḏān‎; al-jurḏān 		جِرْذان‎; جُرْذَان
jirḏān‎; jurḏān
Nominative جِرْذانٌ‎; جُرْذَانٌ
jirḏānun‎; jurḏānun 		الْجِرْذانُ‎; الْجُرْذَانُ
al-jirḏānu‎; al-jurḏānu 		جِرْذانُ‎; جُرْذَانُ
jirḏānu‎; jurḏānu
Accusative جِرْذانًا‎; جُرْذَانًا
jirḏānan‎; jurḏānan 		الْجِرْذانَ‎; الْجُرْذَانَ
al-jirḏāna‎; al-jurḏāna 		جِرْذانَ‎; جُرْذَانَ
jirḏāna‎; jurḏāna
Genitive جِرْذانٍ‎; جُرْذَانٍ
jirḏānin‎; jurḏānin 		الْجِرْذانِ‎; الْجُرْذَانِ
al-jirḏāni‎; al-jurḏāni 		جِرْذانِ‎; جُرْذَانِ
jirḏāni‎; jurḏāni

Descendants

  • Maltese: ġurdien
  • → English: jird
  • → Ge'ez: ቅርዳን (ḳərdan), ቅራዲን (ḳəradin, “field mouse”)

Adjective

جَرِذ • (jariḏ) (feminine جَرِذَة (jariḏa))

  1. infested with rats

Declension

Declension of adjective جَرِذ (jariḏ)
Singular Masculine Feminine
basic singular triptote singular triptote in ـَة (-a)
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Informal جَرِذ
jariḏ 		الْجَرِذ
al-jariḏ 		جَرِذَة
jariḏa 		الْجَرِذَة
al-jariḏa
Nominative جَرِذٌ
jariḏun 		الْجَرِذُ
al-jariḏu 		جَرِذَةٌ
jariḏatun 		الْجَرِذَةُ
al-jariḏatu
Accusative جَرِذًا
jariḏan 		الْجَرِذَ
al-jariḏa 		جَرِذَةً
jariḏatan 		الْجَرِذَةَ
al-jariḏata
Genitive جَرِذٍ
jariḏin 		الْجَرِذِ
al-jariḏi 		جَرِذَةٍ
jariḏatin 		الْجَرِذَةِ
al-jariḏati
Dual Masculine Feminine
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Informal جَرِذَيْن
jariḏayn 		الْجَرِذَيْن
al-jariḏayn 		جَرِذَتَيْن
jariḏatayn 		الْجَرِذَتَيْن
al-jariḏatayn
Nominative جَرِذَانِ
jariḏāni 		الْجَرِذَانِ
al-jariḏāni 		جَرِذَتَانِ
jariḏatāni 		الْجَرِذَتَانِ
al-jariḏatāni
Accusative جَرِذَيْنِ
jariḏayni 		الْجَرِذَيْنِ
al-jariḏayni 		جَرِذَتَيْنِ
jariḏatayni 		الْجَرِذَتَيْنِ
al-jariḏatayni
Genitive جَرِذَيْنِ
jariḏayni 		الْجَرِذَيْنِ
al-jariḏayni 		جَرِذَتَيْنِ
jariḏatayni 		الْجَرِذَتَيْنِ
al-jariḏatayni
Plural Masculine Feminine
— —
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Informal — — — —
Nominative — — — —
Accusative — — — —
Genitive — — — —

References

  • Corriente, Federico, Pereira, Christophe, Vicente, Angeles, editors (2017), Dictionnaire du faisceau dialectal arabe andalou. Perspectives phraséologiques et étymologiques (in French), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 258
  • Freytag, Georg (1830) “جرذ”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎ (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 265
  • Hommel, Fritz (1879) Die Namen der Säugethiere bei den südsemitischen Völkern als Beiträge zur arabischen und äthiopischen Lexicographie, zur semitischen Kulturforschung und Sprachvergleichung und zur Geschichte der Mittelmeerfauna. Mit steter Berücksichtigung auch der assyrischen und hebräischen Thiernamen und geographischen und literaturgeschichtlichen Excursen‎ (in German), Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung, pages 364–365
  • Kogan, Leonid (2006) “Animal Names of Biblical Hebrew. An Etymological Survey”, in Babel und Bibel 3: Annual of Ancient Near Eastern, Old Testament, and Semitic Studies, Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns in conjunction with the Russian State University for Humanities, page 282
  • Landsberger, Benno (1934) Die Fauna des alten Mesopotamien nach der 14. Tafel der Serie ḪAR-RA = ḫubullu (Abhandlungen der philologisch-historischen Klasse der sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften; XLII. Nr. VI)‎ (in German), Leipzig: Salomon Hirzel, page 85
  • Lane, Edward William (1863) “جرذ”, in Arabic-English Lexicon‎, London: Williams & Norgate, page 408
  • Militarev, Alexander, Kogan, Leonid (2000) Semitic Etymological Dictionary, volumes I: Anatomy of Man and Animals, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 124–125 No. 84, seeing all the Semitic words but not the Iranian ones and providing similar Berber and Chadic words, all referring to other animals except for Dangaléat gârzè and a word widespread in Berber but unlikely to be related, Tashelhit ⴰⵖⵔⴷⴰ (aɣrda).
  • Monchi-Zadeh, Davoud (1990) Wörter aus Xurāsān und ihre Herkunft (Acta Iranica; 29)‎ (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 65 Nr. 197
  • Monchi-Zadeh, Davoud (1990) Wörter aus Xurāsān und ihre Herkunft (Acta Iranica; 29)‎ (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 83–84 Nr. 251
  • Schwartz, Martin (1970) “Miscellanea Iranica”, in W.B. Henning Memorial Volume, London: Lund Humphries, published 1970, pages 387–388
  • Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “جرذ”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎ (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 176
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