Ἄρης

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See also: Άρης and -άρης

Ancient Greek

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Alternative forms

Etymology

    Usually derived from the Ionic word ἀρή (arḗ, “bane, ruin”), which could be related to Sanskrit इरस्या (irasyā, “malevolence”), suggesting a Proto-Indo-European origin.

    However, Morris Silver and Pierre Chantraine propose a derivation from ἄρος (áros, “use, profit, help”) instead.

    𐀀𐀩 (a-re), found in Linear B, is thought to be the oldest attested form of the name.

    Pronunciation

     

    The α (a) is usually short in Homer and tragedy, but sometimes long, e.g. Iliad 5.31, Iliad 2..767, Argonautica 3.1187; and Aeschylus and Sophocles regularly use long ᾱ (ā).

    Proper noun

    Ἄρης • (Árēs) m (genitive Ᾰ̓́ρεως); third declension

    1. (Greek mythology) Ares
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.29–33:
        ἀτὰρ γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη
        χειρὸς ἑλοῦσ’ ἐπέεσσι προσηύδα θοῦρον Ἄρηα:
        “Ἆρες Ἄρες βροτολοιγὲ μιαιφόνε τειχεσιπλῆτα
        οὐκ ἂν δὴ Τρῶας μὲν ἐάσαιμεν καὶ Ἀχαιοὺς
        μάρνασθ’, ὁπποτέροισι πατὴρ Ζεὺς κῦδος ὀρέξῃ
        atàr glaukôpis Athḗnē
        kheiròs heloûs’ epéessi prosēúda thoûron Árēa:
        “Âres Áres brotoloigè miaiphóne teikhesiplêta
        ouk àn dḕ Trôas mèn eásaimen kaì Akhaioùs
        márnasth’, hoppotéroisi patḕr Zeùs kûdos oréxēi
        {...} And flashing-eyed Athene
        took furious Ares by the hand and spake to him, saying:
        “Ares, Ares, thou bane of mortals, thou blood-stained stormer of walls,
        shall we not now leave the Trojans and Achaeans
        to fight, to whichsoever of the two it be that father Zeus shall vouchsafe glory?”
        English translation by A.T. Murray @perseus
      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.455:
        Apollo speaks the same phrase: Ἆρες Ἄρες βροτολοιγὲ μιαιφόνε τειχεσιπλῆτα (Âres Áres brotoloigè miaiphóne teikhesiplêta)
        Apollo speaks the same phrase: Âres Áres brotoloigè miaiphóne teikhesiplêta (Âres Áres brotoloigè miaiphóne teikhesiplêta)
        (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    2. Mars (planet)
    3. war, warlike spirit
    4. epithet of Zeus, "avenger"

    Inflection

    Irregular declension of ὁ Ἄρης; τοῦ Ἄρεως (Attic)
    Case / # Singular
    Nominative ὁ Ἄρης
    ho Árēs
    Genitive τοῦ Ἄρεως
    toû Áreōs
    Dative τῷ Ἄρει
    tôi Árei
    Accusative τὸν Ἄρη
    tòn Árē
    Vocative Ἄρες
    Áres
    Notes:
    Third declension of Ἄρης; Ἄρεος (uncontracted, Epic)
    Case / # Singular
    Nominative Ἄρης
    Árēs
    Genitive Ἄρεος / Ἄρευς
    Áreos / Áreus
    Dative Ἄρει / Ἄρεῐ̈
    Árei / Áreĭ̈
    Accusative Ἄρεᾰ
    Áreă
    Vocative Ἄρες
    Áres
    Notes:
    • Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.
    Irregular declension of ὁ Ἄρης; τοῦ Ἄρηος (Epic, Ionic)
    Case / # Singular
    Nominative ὁ Ἄρης
    ho Árēs
    Genitive τοῦ Ἄρηος
    toû Árēos
    Dative τῷ Ἄρηϊ
    tôi Árēï
    Accusative τὸν Ἄρηα
    tòn Árēa
    Vocative Ἄρης
    Árēs
    Notes:
    • Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.
    Irregular declension of ὁ Ἄρευς; τοῦ Ἄρευος (Aeolic)
    Case / # Singular
    Nominative ὁ Ἄρευς
    ho Áreus
    Genitive τοῦ Ἄρευος
    toû Áreuos
    Dative τῷ Ἄρευϊ
    tôi Áreuï
    Accusative τὸν Ἄρευᾰ
    tòn Áreuă
    Vocative Ἄρευ
    Áreu
    Notes:
    • Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

    Derived terms

    Descendants

    References

    1. ^ Douglas Harper (2001–2025) “Ares”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
    2. ^ “Ἄρης”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
    3. ^ 1992, Morris Silver, Taking ancient mythology economically, page 162; citing Pierre Chantraine's Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque
    4. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers

    Further reading

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