先んずる

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
先
さき
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

Etymology

Contraction of 先(さき)にする (saki ni suru).

Pronunciation

Verb

先(さき)んずる • (sakinzuru) suru (stem 先(さき)んじ (sakinji), past 先(さき)んじた (sakinjita))

  1. to precede, to do something before others

Conjugation

Conjugation of "先んずる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 先んじ
先んぜ 		さきんじ
さきんぜ 		sakinji
sakinze
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 先んじ さきんじ sakinji
Shūshikei ("terminal") 先んずる さきんずる sakinzuru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 先んずる さきんずる sakinzuru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 先んずれ さきんずれ sakinzure
Meireikei ("imperative") 先んぜよ¹
先んじろ² 		さきんぜよ¹
さきんじろ² 		sakinzeyo¹
sakinjiro²
Key constructions
Passive 先んじられる
先んぜられる 		さきんじられる
さきんぜられる 		sakinjirareru
sakinzerareru
Causative 先んじさせる
先んじさす 		さきんじさせる
さきんじさす 		sakinjisaseru
sakinjisasu
Potential 先んじられる
先んぜられる 		さきんじられる
さきんぜられる 		sakinjirareru
sakinzerareru
Volitional 先んじよう さきんじよう sakinjiyō
Negative 先んじない さきんじない sakinjinai
Negative continuative 先んぜず さきんぜず sakinzezu
Formal 先んじます さきんじます sakinjimasu
Perfective 先んじた さきんじた sakinjita
Conjunctive 先んじて さきんじて sakinjite
Hypothetical conditional 先んずれば さきんずれば sakinzureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

Classical conjugation of "先んず" (サ行変格活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 先んぜ さきんぜ sakinze
Continuative (連用形) 先んじ さきんじ sakinzi
Terminal (終止形) 先んず さきんず sakinzu
Attributive (連体形) 先んずる さきんずる sakinzuru
Realis (已然形) 先んずれ さきんずれ sakinzure
Imperative (命令形) 先んぜよ さきんぜよ sakinzeyo
Key constructions
Negative 先んぜず さきんぜず sakinzezu
Contrasting conjunction 先んずれど さきんずれど sakinzuredo
Causal conjunction 先んずれば さきんずれば sakinzureba
Conditional conjunction 先んぜば さきんぜば sakinzeba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 先んじき さきんじき sakinziki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 先んじけり さきんじけり sakinzikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 先んじつ さきんじつ sakinzitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 先んじぬ さきんじぬ sakinzinu
Perfect-continuative tense 先んぜり
先んじたり		 さきんぜり
さきんじたり		 sakinzeri
sakinzitari
Volitional 先んぜむ さきんぜむ sakinzemu

Synonyms

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
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