苦い
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Japanese
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 苦 |
| にが Grade: 3 |
| kun'yomi |
Etymology
Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *ninka; cognate with Proto-Ryukyuan *niga.
First cited to a text from 858.[1]
Pronunciation
- Tokyo pitch accent of inflected forms of 「苦い」
| Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Continuative (連用形) | 苦く | にがく にがく |
|
| Terminal (終止形) | 苦い | にがい | |
| Attributive (連体形) | 苦い | にがい | |
| Key constructions | |||
| Informal negative | 苦くない | にがくない にがくない |
|
| Informal past | 苦かった | にがかった にがかった |
|
| Informal negative past | 苦くなかった | にがくなかった にがくなかった |
|
| Formal | 苦いです | にがいです | |
| Conjunctive | 苦くて | にがくて にがくて |
|
| Conditional | 苦ければ | にがければ にがければ |
|
Adjective
苦い • (nigai) -i (adverbial 苦く (nigaku))
Inflection
Inflection of 苦い
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 苦かろ | にがかろ | nigakaro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 苦く | にがく | nigaku |
| Terminal (終止形) | 苦い | にがい | nigai |
| Attributive (連体形) | 苦い | にがい | nigai |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 苦けれ | にがけれ | nigakere |
| Imperative (命令形) | 苦かれ | にがかれ | nigakare |
| Key constructions | |||
| Informal negative | 苦くない | にがくない | nigaku nai |
| Informal past | 苦かった | にがかった | nigakatta |
| Informal negative past | 苦くなかった | にがくなかった | nigaku nakatta |
| Formal | 苦いです | にがいです | nigai desu |
| Formal negative | 苦くないです | にがくないです | nigaku nai desu |
| Formal past | 苦かったです | にがかったです | nigakatta desu |
| Formal negative past | 苦くなかったです | にがくなかったです | nigaku nakatta desu |
| Conjunctive | 苦くて | にがくて | nigakute |
| Conditional | 苦ければ | にがければ | nigakereba |
| Provisional | 苦かったら | にがかったら | nigakattara |
| Volitional | 苦かろう | にがかろう | nigakarō |
| Adverbial | 苦く | にがく | nigaku |
| Degree | 苦さ | にがさ | nigasa |
| Stem forms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 苦く 苦から |
にがく にがから |
nigaku nigakara | |
| Continuative (連用形) | 苦く 苦かり |
にがく にがかり |
nigaku nigakari | |
| Terminal (終止形) | 苦し | にがし | nigasi | |
| Attributive (連体形) | 苦き 苦かる |
にがき にがかる |
nigaki nigakaru | |
| Realis (已然形) | 苦けれ | にがけれ | nigakere | |
| Imperative (命令形) | 苦かれ | にがかれ | nigakare | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Negative | 苦からず | にがからず | nigakarazu | |
| Contrasting conjunction | 苦けれど | にがけれど | nigakeredo | |
| Causal conjunction | 苦ければ | にがければ | nigakereba | |
| Conditional conjunction | 苦くば | にがくば | nigakuba | |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 苦かりき | にがかりき | nigakariki | |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 苦かりけり | にがかりけり | nigakarikeri | |
| Adverbial | 苦く | にがく | nigaku | |
| Without auxiliary verb. With auxiliary verb. | ||||
Antonyms
- 甘い (amai, “sweet”)
Related terms
- にがり (nigari)
See also
- 渋い (shibui)
| Basic tastes in Japanese · 味覚 (mikaku) (layout · text) | |||||
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| 甘い (amai) | 酸っぱい (suppai) | 塩っぱい (shoppai) | 苦い (nigai) | 辛い (karai) | 旨味 (umami) |
References
- ^ “苦”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN