لغم
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لغم
Arabic
Etymology
From Ancient Greek λαχαίνω (lakhaínō, “to dig, to excavate”), from Ancient Greek λαχών (lakhṓn, “to obtain, to draw, to receive”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lēk- (“string, twig, tendril”) from the pulling out of lots or herbage from the soil.
Noun
لَغَم or لَغْم or لُغْم • (laḡam or laḡm or luḡm) m (plural أَلْغَام (ʔalḡām))
Declension
Declension of noun لَغَم (laḡam); لَغْم (laḡm); لُغْم (luḡm)
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | لَغَم; لَغْم; لُغْم laḡam; laḡm; luḡm |
اللَّغَم; اللَّغْم; اللُّغْم al-laḡam; al-laḡm; al-luḡm |
لَغَم; لَغْم; لُغْم laḡam; laḡm; luḡm |
| Nominative | لَغَمٌ; لَغْمٌ; لُغْمٌ laḡamun; laḡmun; luḡmun |
اللَّغَمُ; اللَّغْمُ; اللُّغْمُ al-laḡamu; al-laḡmu; al-luḡmu |
لَغَمُ; لَغْمُ; لُغْمُ laḡamu; laḡmu; luḡmu |
| Accusative | لَغَمًا; لَغْمًا; لُغْمًا laḡaman; laḡman; luḡman |
اللَّغَمَ; اللَّغْمَ; اللُّغْمَ al-laḡama; al-laḡma; al-luḡma |
لَغَمَ; لَغْمَ; لُغْمَ laḡama; laḡma; luḡma |
| Genitive | لَغَمٍ; لَغْمٍ; لُغْمٍ laḡamin; laḡmin; luḡmin |
اللَّغَمِ; اللَّغْمِ; اللُّغْمِ al-laḡami; al-laḡmi; al-luḡmi |
لَغَمِ; لَغْمِ; لُغْمِ laḡami; laḡmi; luḡmi |
| Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
| Informal | لَغَمَيْن; لَغْمَيْن; لُغْمَيْن laḡamayn; laḡmayn; luḡmayn |
اللَّغَمَيْن; اللَّغْمَيْن; اللُّغْمَيْن al-laḡamayn; al-laḡmayn; al-luḡmayn |
لَغَمَيْ; لَغْمَيْ; لُغْمَيْ laḡamay; laḡmay; luḡmay |
| Nominative | لَغَمَانِ; لَغْمَانِ; لُغْمَانِ laḡamāni; laḡmāni; luḡmāni |
اللَّغَمَانِ; اللَّغْمَانِ; اللُّغْمَانِ al-laḡamāni; al-laḡmāni; al-luḡmāni |
لَغَمَا; لَغْمَا; لُغْمَا laḡamā; laḡmā; luḡmā |
| Accusative | لَغَمَيْنِ; لَغْمَيْنِ; لُغْمَيْنِ laḡamayni; laḡmayni; luḡmayni |
اللَّغَمَيْنِ; اللَّغْمَيْنِ; اللُّغْمَيْنِ al-laḡamayni; al-laḡmayni; al-luḡmayni |
لَغَمَيْ; لَغْمَيْ; لُغْمَيْ laḡamay; laḡmay; luḡmay |
| Genitive | لَغَمَيْنِ; لَغْمَيْنِ; لُغْمَيْنِ laḡamayni; laḡmayni; luḡmayni |
اللَّغَمَيْنِ; اللَّغْمَيْنِ; اللُّغْمَيْنِ al-laḡamayni; al-laḡmayni; al-luḡmayni |
لَغَمَيْ; لَغْمَيْ; لُغْمَيْ laḡamay; laḡmay; luḡmay |
| Plural | basic broken plural triptote | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | أَلْغَام ʔalḡām |
الْأَلْغَام al-ʔalḡām |
أَلْغَام ʔalḡām |
| Nominative | أَلْغَامٌ ʔalḡāmun |
الْأَلْغَامُ al-ʔalḡāmu |
أَلْغَامُ ʔalḡāmu |
| Accusative | أَلْغَامًا ʔalḡāman |
الْأَلْغَامَ al-ʔalḡāma |
أَلْغَامَ ʔalḡāma |
| Genitive | أَلْغَامٍ ʔalḡāmin |
الْأَلْغَامِ al-ʔalḡāmi |
أَلْغَامِ ʔalḡāmi |
Verb
لَغَمَ • (laḡama) I (non-past يَلْغَمُ (yalḡamu) or يَلْغُمُ (yalḡumu), verbal noun لَغْم (laḡm))
Conjugation
Conjugation of لَغَمَ (I, sound, a ~ a/u, full passive (?), verbal noun لَغْم)
| verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
لَغْم laḡm | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
لَاغِم lāḡim | |||||||||||
| passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
مَلْغُوم malḡūm | |||||||||||
| active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | لَغَمْتُ laḡamtu |
لَغَمْتَ laḡamta |
لَغَمَ laḡama |
لَغَمْتُمَا laḡamtumā |
لَغَمَا laḡamā |
لَغَمْنَا laḡamnā |
لَغَمْتُمْ laḡamtum |
لَغَمُوا laḡamū | |||
| f | لَغَمْتِ laḡamti |
لَغَمَتْ laḡamat |
لَغَمَتَا laḡamatā |
لَغَمْتُنَّ laḡamtunna |
لَغَمْنَ laḡamna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | أَلْغَمُ, أَلْغُمُ ʔalḡamu, ʔalḡumu |
تَلْغَمُ, تَلْغُمُ talḡamu, talḡumu |
يَلْغَمُ, يَلْغُمُ yalḡamu, yalḡumu |
تَلْغَمَانِ, تَلْغُمَانِ talḡamāni, talḡumāni |
يَلْغَمَانِ, يَلْغُمَانِ yalḡamāni, yalḡumāni |
نَلْغَمُ, نَلْغُمُ nalḡamu, nalḡumu |
تَلْغَمُونَ, تَلْغُمُونَ talḡamūna, talḡumūna |
يَلْغَمُونَ, يَلْغُمُونَ yalḡamūna, yalḡumūna | |||
| f | تَلْغَمِينَ, تَلْغُمِينَ talḡamīna, talḡumīna |
تَلْغَمُ, تَلْغُمُ talḡamu, talḡumu |
تَلْغَمَانِ, تَلْغُمَانِ talḡamāni, talḡumāni |
تَلْغَمْنَ, تَلْغُمْنَ talḡamna, talḡumna |
يَلْغَمْنَ, يَلْغُمْنَ yalḡamna, yalḡumna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أَلْغَمَ, أَلْغُمَ ʔalḡama, ʔalḡuma |
تَلْغَمَ, تَلْغُمَ talḡama, talḡuma |
يَلْغَمَ, يَلْغُمَ yalḡama, yalḡuma |
تَلْغَمَا, تَلْغُمَا talḡamā, talḡumā |
يَلْغَمَا, يَلْغُمَا yalḡamā, yalḡumā |
نَلْغَمَ, نَلْغُمَ nalḡama, nalḡuma |
تَلْغَمُوا, تَلْغُمُوا talḡamū, talḡumū |
يَلْغَمُوا, يَلْغُمُوا yalḡamū, yalḡumū | |||
| f | تَلْغَمِي, تَلْغُمِي talḡamī, talḡumī |
تَلْغَمَ, تَلْغُمَ talḡama, talḡuma |
تَلْغَمَا, تَلْغُمَا talḡamā, talḡumā |
تَلْغَمْنَ, تَلْغُمْنَ talḡamna, talḡumna |
يَلْغَمْنَ, يَلْغُمْنَ yalḡamna, yalḡumna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أَلْغَمْ, أَلْغُمْ ʔalḡam, ʔalḡum |
تَلْغَمْ, تَلْغُمْ talḡam, talḡum |
يَلْغَمْ, يَلْغُمْ yalḡam, yalḡum |
تَلْغَمَا, تَلْغُمَا talḡamā, talḡumā |
يَلْغَمَا, يَلْغُمَا yalḡamā, yalḡumā |
نَلْغَمْ, نَلْغُمْ nalḡam, nalḡum |
تَلْغَمُوا, تَلْغُمُوا talḡamū, talḡumū |
يَلْغَمُوا, يَلْغُمُوا yalḡamū, yalḡumū | |||
| f | تَلْغَمِي, تَلْغُمِي talḡamī, talḡumī |
تَلْغَمْ, تَلْغُمْ talḡam, talḡum |
تَلْغَمَا, تَلْغُمَا talḡamā, talḡumā |
تَلْغَمْنَ, تَلْغُمْنَ talḡamna, talḡumna |
يَلْغَمْنَ, يَلْغُمْنَ yalḡamna, yalḡumna | |||||||
| imperative الْأَمْر |
m | اِلْغَمْ, اُلْغُمْ ilḡam, ulḡum |
اِلْغَمَا, اُلْغُمَا ilḡamā, ulḡumā |
اِلْغَمُوا, اُلْغُمُوا ilḡamū, ulḡumū |
||||||||
| f | اِلْغَمِي, اُلْغُمِي ilḡamī, ulḡumī |
اِلْغَمْنَ, اُلْغُمْنَ ilḡamna, ulḡumna | ||||||||||
| passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | لُغِمْتُ luḡimtu |
لُغِمْتَ luḡimta |
لُغِمَ luḡima |
لُغِمْتُمَا luḡimtumā |
لُغِمَا luḡimā |
لُغِمْنَا luḡimnā |
لُغِمْتُمْ luḡimtum |
لُغِمُوا luḡimū | |||
| f | لُغِمْتِ luḡimti |
لُغِمَتْ luḡimat |
لُغِمَتَا luḡimatā |
لُغِمْتُنَّ luḡimtunna |
لُغِمْنَ luḡimna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | أُلْغَمُ ʔulḡamu |
تُلْغَمُ tulḡamu |
يُلْغَمُ yulḡamu |
تُلْغَمَانِ tulḡamāni |
يُلْغَمَانِ yulḡamāni |
نُلْغَمُ nulḡamu |
تُلْغَمُونَ tulḡamūna |
يُلْغَمُونَ yulḡamūna | |||
| f | تُلْغَمِينَ tulḡamīna |
تُلْغَمُ tulḡamu |
تُلْغَمَانِ tulḡamāni |
تُلْغَمْنَ tulḡamna |
يُلْغَمْنَ yulḡamna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أُلْغَمَ ʔulḡama |
تُلْغَمَ tulḡama |
يُلْغَمَ yulḡama |
تُلْغَمَا tulḡamā |
يُلْغَمَا yulḡamā |
نُلْغَمَ nulḡama |
تُلْغَمُوا tulḡamū |
يُلْغَمُوا yulḡamū | |||
| f | تُلْغَمِي tulḡamī |
تُلْغَمَ tulḡama |
تُلْغَمَا tulḡamā |
تُلْغَمْنَ tulḡamna |
يُلْغَمْنَ yulḡamna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أُلْغَمْ ʔulḡam |
تُلْغَمْ tulḡam |
يُلْغَمْ yulḡam |
تُلْغَمَا tulḡamā |
يُلْغَمَا yulḡamā |
نُلْغَمْ nulḡam |
تُلْغَمُوا tulḡamū |
يُلْغَمُوا yulḡamū | |||
| f | تُلْغَمِي tulḡamī |
تُلْغَمْ tulḡam |
تُلْغَمَا tulḡamā |
تُلْغَمْنَ tulḡamna |
يُلْغَمْنَ yulḡamna | |||||||
Verb
لَغَّمَ • (laḡḡama) II (non-past يُلَغِّمُ (yulaḡḡimu), verbal noun تَلْغِيم (talḡīm))
- to mine, to fit explosive material to
Conjugation
Conjugation of لَغَّمَ (II, sound, full passive, verbal noun تَلْغِيم)
| verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
تَلْغِيم talḡīm | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
مُلَغِّم mulaḡḡim | |||||||||||
| passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
مُلَغَّم mulaḡḡam | |||||||||||
| active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | لَغَّمْتُ laḡḡamtu |
لَغَّمْتَ laḡḡamta |
لَغَّمَ laḡḡama |
لَغَّمْتُمَا laḡḡamtumā |
لَغَّمَا laḡḡamā |
لَغَّمْنَا laḡḡamnā |
لَغَّمْتُمْ laḡḡamtum |
لَغَّمُوا laḡḡamū | |||
| f | لَغَّمْتِ laḡḡamti |
لَغَّمَتْ laḡḡamat |
لَغَّمَتَا laḡḡamatā |
لَغَّمْتُنَّ laḡḡamtunna |
لَغَّمْنَ laḡḡamna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | أُلَغِّمُ ʔulaḡḡimu |
تُلَغِّمُ tulaḡḡimu |
يُلَغِّمُ yulaḡḡimu |
تُلَغِّمَانِ tulaḡḡimāni |
يُلَغِّمَانِ yulaḡḡimāni |
نُلَغِّمُ nulaḡḡimu |
تُلَغِّمُونَ tulaḡḡimūna |
يُلَغِّمُونَ yulaḡḡimūna | |||
| f | تُلَغِّمِينَ tulaḡḡimīna |
تُلَغِّمُ tulaḡḡimu |
تُلَغِّمَانِ tulaḡḡimāni |
تُلَغِّمْنَ tulaḡḡimna |
يُلَغِّمْنَ yulaḡḡimna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أُلَغِّمَ ʔulaḡḡima |
تُلَغِّمَ tulaḡḡima |
يُلَغِّمَ yulaḡḡima |
تُلَغِّمَا tulaḡḡimā |
يُلَغِّمَا yulaḡḡimā |
نُلَغِّمَ nulaḡḡima |
تُلَغِّمُوا tulaḡḡimū |
يُلَغِّمُوا yulaḡḡimū | |||
| f | تُلَغِّمِي tulaḡḡimī |
تُلَغِّمَ tulaḡḡima |
تُلَغِّمَا tulaḡḡimā |
تُلَغِّمْنَ tulaḡḡimna |
يُلَغِّمْنَ yulaḡḡimna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أُلَغِّمْ ʔulaḡḡim |
تُلَغِّمْ tulaḡḡim |
يُلَغِّمْ yulaḡḡim |
تُلَغِّمَا tulaḡḡimā |
يُلَغِّمَا yulaḡḡimā |
نُلَغِّمْ nulaḡḡim |
تُلَغِّمُوا tulaḡḡimū |
يُلَغِّمُوا yulaḡḡimū | |||
| f | تُلَغِّمِي tulaḡḡimī |
تُلَغِّمْ tulaḡḡim |
تُلَغِّمَا tulaḡḡimā |
تُلَغِّمْنَ tulaḡḡimna |
يُلَغِّمْنَ yulaḡḡimna | |||||||
| imperative الْأَمْر |
m | لَغِّمْ laḡḡim |
لَغِّمَا laḡḡimā |
لَغِّمُوا laḡḡimū |
||||||||
| f | لَغِّمِي laḡḡimī |
لَغِّمْنَ laḡḡimna | ||||||||||
| passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | لُغِّمْتُ luḡḡimtu |
لُغِّمْتَ luḡḡimta |
لُغِّمَ luḡḡima |
لُغِّمْتُمَا luḡḡimtumā |
لُغِّمَا luḡḡimā |
لُغِّمْنَا luḡḡimnā |
لُغِّمْتُمْ luḡḡimtum |
لُغِّمُوا luḡḡimū | |||
| f | لُغِّمْتِ luḡḡimti |
لُغِّمَتْ luḡḡimat |
لُغِّمَتَا luḡḡimatā |
لُغِّمْتُنَّ luḡḡimtunna |
لُغِّمْنَ luḡḡimna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | أُلَغَّمُ ʔulaḡḡamu |
تُلَغَّمُ tulaḡḡamu |
يُلَغَّمُ yulaḡḡamu |
تُلَغَّمَانِ tulaḡḡamāni |
يُلَغَّمَانِ yulaḡḡamāni |
نُلَغَّمُ nulaḡḡamu |
تُلَغَّمُونَ tulaḡḡamūna |
يُلَغَّمُونَ yulaḡḡamūna | |||
| f | تُلَغَّمِينَ tulaḡḡamīna |
تُلَغَّمُ tulaḡḡamu |
تُلَغَّمَانِ tulaḡḡamāni |
تُلَغَّمْنَ tulaḡḡamna |
يُلَغَّمْنَ yulaḡḡamna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أُلَغَّمَ ʔulaḡḡama |
تُلَغَّمَ tulaḡḡama |
يُلَغَّمَ yulaḡḡama |
تُلَغَّمَا tulaḡḡamā |
يُلَغَّمَا yulaḡḡamā |
نُلَغَّمَ nulaḡḡama |
تُلَغَّمُوا tulaḡḡamū |
يُلَغَّمُوا yulaḡḡamū | |||
| f | تُلَغَّمِي tulaḡḡamī |
تُلَغَّمَ tulaḡḡama |
تُلَغَّمَا tulaḡḡamā |
تُلَغَّمْنَ tulaḡḡamna |
يُلَغَّمْنَ yulaḡḡamna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أُلَغَّمْ ʔulaḡḡam |
تُلَغَّمْ tulaḡḡam |
يُلَغَّمْ yulaḡḡam |
تُلَغَّمَا tulaḡḡamā |
يُلَغَّمَا yulaḡḡamā |
نُلَغَّمْ nulaḡḡam |
تُلَغَّمُوا tulaḡḡamū |
يُلَغَّمُوا yulaḡḡamū | |||
| f | تُلَغَّمِي tulaḡḡamī |
تُلَغَّمْ tulaḡḡam |
تُلَغَّمَا tulaḡḡamā |
تُلَغَّمْنَ tulaḡḡamna |
يُلَغَّمْنَ yulaḡḡamna | |||||||
References
- “لغم” in Almaany
- Freytag, Georg (1837) “لغم”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum (in Latin), volume 4, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 113
- Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “لغم”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 1157
Ottoman Turkish
Alternative forms
Etymology
Borrowed from Arabic لَغْم (laḡm, “mine, tunnel”), ultimately from Ancient Greek λαχαίνω (lakhaínō, “to dig, to excavate”).
Noun
لغم • (lağım) (definite accusative لغمی (lağımı), plural لغملر (lağımlar))
- tunnel, gallery, drift, any underground passage or channel cut through the earth or masonry
- Synonym: نفق (nafak)
- drain, sewer, cesspit, any system of pipes used to remove human waste and provide drainage
- Synonym: كریز (giriz, geriz)
Derived terms
- آتش لغمی (ateş lağımı, “fire mine”)
- دكز لغملری (deñiz lağımları, “torpedos”)
- طایر لغم (tayar lağımı, “flying mine”)
- قارشولق لغمی (karşılık lağımı, “countermine”)
- لغم آتمق (lağım atmak, “to blow up”)
- لغم اچمق (lağım açmak, “to dig out a mine or sewer”)
- لغم خزینهسی (lağım hazinesi, “chamber of a mine”)
- لغم فتیلی (lağım fitili, “mine fuse”)
- لغم قارشولامق (lağım karşılamak, “to countermine”)
- لغم قازمق (lağım kazmak, “to dig a sewer”)
- لغم قیوسی (lağım kuyusu, “sinkhole to a sewer”)
- لغم پاتلامق (lağım patlamak, “to burst”)
- لغم یولی (lağım yolu, “gallery of a mine”)
- لغمجی (lağımcı, “maker or cleanser of sewers”)
- لغملامق (lağımlamak, “to mine or undermine”)
- لغمی طاپهلمق (lağım tapalmak, “to tamp a mine”)
Descendants
- Turkish: lağım
- → Albanian: llagëm
- → Armenian: լաղըմ (laġəm)
- → Bulgarian: лагъ́м (lagǎ́m)
- → Greek: λαγούμι (lagoúmi)
- → Macedonian: лагам (lagam)
- → Serbo-Croatian: lagum / лагум
Further reading
- Barbier de Meynard, Charles (1886) “لغم”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, volume II, Paris: E. Leroux, page 702
- Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “lağım”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2926
- Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “لغم”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français, Vienna: F. Beck, page 411b
- Kélékian, Diran (1911) “لغم”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, Constantinople: Mihran, page 1079
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Cuniculus”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum, Vienna, column 310
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “لغم”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum, Vienna, column 4183
- Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “lağım”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
- Redhouse, James W. (1890) “لغم”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1635