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^ François de Blois (2003) “Pahr(ag)bed”, in Aloïs van Tongerloo, editor, Iranica Selecta: Studies in Honour of Professor Wojciech Skalmowski on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday, Turnhout: Brepols, →DOI, pages 37-40:
The first thing that needs to be said is that the Manichaean terms pāhr, pāhrbed and pāhragbed occur only in the five already cited passages from just two texts (...). They are (...) attested only in the same context as the Avestan series of the four ranks and their respective leaders and are thus very likely to be technical terms. (...) Their meaning is nonetheless unproblematic. They belong with Avestan pāθra-, 'watch', Sogdian pʾδr, pʾrδ, pʾš, 'watch, service, respect', and Manichaean Parthian pḥr, pḥrg, 'watch-post', pḥrbr, pḥrgbʾn, 'watchman', with the abstract derivative pḥrgbʾnyft. Parthian pahrag (older pahrak) and pahragbān are reflected also by Armenian pahak and the Iranian title cited in Syriac as phrgbnʾ (for pahragbān with the Aramaic suffix -ā). The regular Persian equivalents of Parthian pahr and pahrbān are the very common Middle and New Persian words pās 'watch' and pāsbān 'watchman'. In the late Zoroastrian Middle Persian text Šahrīhā ī Ērān (...) we do find an apparently unique occurrence of the form pʾḥl, which could be read either as pāhr or more probably as pahr; cf. bʾḥl for bahr, as against bʾl (=graphic bḥl) for bār. The context is unclear; if it does mean 'watch-post' then it is likely to be a loanword from Northwest Iranian. The Manichaean fragment M2 (...) mentions the pahrag ī Kūšān ('watch-post/frontier of Kushan'). pahrag is either a Parthianism or else the whole phrase (Pahrag ī Kūšān) is to be taken as a Parthian proper (geographical) name in the MP text. Finally, the Indo-Persian dictionary Burhān i qātiʿ has an entry pahra, defined as pās. This supposedly Persian word has been mentioned in most of the relevant modern etymological literature but to the best of my knowledge does not actually exist in Persian. As mentioned, the Persian word is pās. pahr(ag) is Parthian. (..) The Luɣatnāma refers for pahra only to the Burhān and gives no textual references. (...) pāhr(ag) is a Manichaean technical term in Middle Persian and recalls Avestan pāθra- (pāθrāi). (...) Manichaean Middle Persian pāhr does look very much like an ad-hoc transcription of Avestan pāθrāi, or rather of the underlying pāθra-.