Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/peh₂-

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 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Root

    *peh₂-[1][2][3]

    1. to protect, to ward
    2. to shepherd

    Usage notes

    Semantic shift from "protector" towards "shepherd, herder" can be seen in many branches, signifying the importance of herding. Unusual is the o-grade root in Greek ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd, herdsman”), where the abstract nomina agentis suffix *-mn̥ usually binds e-grade, but that hardly seems sufficient to reconstruct *h₃ in the root and to separate it from *peh₂-.

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *peh₂- (80 c, 0 e)
    • *peh₂(y)-
      • Proto-Albanian: *pa ̊
    • *péh₂-ti ~ *ph₂-énti (athematic root present)
    • *péh₂-s-ti ~ *ph₂-s-énti (s-present)[4][5]
    • *ph₂-sḱé-ti (*sḱé-present)
      • Proto-Italic: *pāskō (possibly; enlarged into a sḱe-present)
        • Latin: pāscō (“put to graze”)
      • Proto-Tocharian: *pāsk-
        • Tocharian A: pās- ("to look after, guard")
        • Tocharian: paskenträ
    • *poh₂-t-éye- or *ph₂-t-éye- (enlarged causative)
      • Proto-Germanic: *fōdijaną (“to feed”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Hellenic:
    • *ph₂-t-éh₂-(ye)-
      • Proto-Germanic: *fadōną (“to graze, feed oneself”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *poh₂-mn̥
      • Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: πῶμα (pôma, “lid, cover”)
    • *poh₂-i-mn̥
    • *poh₂-yus
    • *ph₂tḗr (“father”) (or from a nursery form *pa[6])
    • *peh₂-tew-
      • Iranian: *pātew-
      • Iranian: *ā-pāta- "city, cultivated"
        • Persian: آباد (âbâd, “inhabited, cultivated; city, habitation”)
        • Bactrian: αβαδο (abado, “cultivated”)
        • Kurdish:
          • Central Kurdish: awedan (“built; inhabited; florishing”)
          • Northern Kurdish: ava (“built; inhabited; florishing”)
      • Iranian: *ā-pāta-na "city hall"
      • Armenian *pawta- "flock" (with metathesis):
    • ? *peh₂-lo-
    • *peh₂-tro- (“guarder, protector, keeper”)
    • *peh₂-dʰlom
    • *peh₂-dʰrom
      • Proto-Germanic: *fōdrą (“fodder, sheath”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *Péh₂-usōn[7]
      • Hellenic:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *puHšā́
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *puHṣā́
          • Sanskrit: पूषन् (pūṣán, “Vedic god of meeting, marriages, journeys, roads, and the feeding of cattle”)
          • Northern Kurdish: pawan (“domain; grazing-land, reserved or hired and fixed pasture; sheeppen; preserver, protector”), poxan (“landfill”) (perhaps)
    • *péh₂-tōr ~ ph₂-tr-és (“protector, guardian”)
    • Unsorted formations:
      • Armenian:
      • Proto-Germanic: *fōdô (“food”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic: *fōstrą (“fostering”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Hellenic:
        • Ancient Greek: πῶυ (pôu, “flock of sheep”)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *paH-
        • Proto-Iranian: *paH-
          • Kurdish:
            • Northern Kurdish: payîn (“to wait, to anticipate”)
          • Old Persian: 𐎱𐎠 (p-a /⁠pā-⁠/)
            • Middle Persian: (NTLWNtn'), to protect, guard (pʾtn' /⁠pādan⁠/)
      • Italic:

    References

    1. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pā-: pə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 787
    2. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “pō(i)-: (pəi- ?:) pī-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 839
    3. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*peh₂(i̯)-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 460
    4. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “paḫš-a(ri), paḫš-i”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 611-613
    5. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pasti I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 392
    6. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 449-450
    7. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 434
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