दृळ्ह

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Sanskrit

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *dr̥ẓḍʰás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰr̥ždʰás, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰr̥ǵʰtós (strong, firm, hard), from *dʰerǵʰ- (to be firm, strong, tough, hard). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic дръжати (drŭžati, to hold), Lithuanian dir̃žti (to harden, become tough), Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (darəzaiieiti, to attach), English dry. The Sanskrit root is दृह् (dṛh) or दृंह् (dṛṃh).

Pronunciation

Adjective

दृळ्ह (dṛḷhá) stem

  1. (Rigvedic) fixed, firm, hard, strong, solid, massive
    • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 6.31.2:
      त्वद्भियेन्द्र पार्थिवानि विश्वाच्युता चिच्च्यावयन्ते रजांसि ।
      द्यावाक्षामा पर्वतासो वनानि विश्वं दृळ्हं भयते अज्मन्ना ते ॥
      tvadbhiyendra pārthivāni viśvācyutā ciccyāvayante rajāṃsi.
      dyāvākṣāmā parvatāso vanāni viśvaṃ dṛḷhaṃ bhayate ajmannā te.
      Through fear of thee, O Indra, all the regions of earth, though naught may move them, shake and tremble.
      All that is firm is frightened at thy coming, -the earth, the heaven, the mountain, and the forest.

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of दृळ्ह (dṛḷhá)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative दृळ्हः
dṛḷháḥ
दृळ्हौ / दृळ्हा¹
dṛḷhaú / dṛḷhā́¹
दृळ्हाः / दृळ्हासः¹
dṛḷhā́ḥ / dṛḷhā́saḥ¹
Vocative दृळ्ह
dṛ́ḷha
दृळ्हौ / दृळ्हा¹
dṛ́ḷhau / dṛ́ḷhā¹
दृळ्हाः / दृळ्हासः¹
dṛ́ḷhāḥ / dṛ́ḷhāsaḥ¹
Accusative दृळ्हम्
dṛḷhám
दृळ्हौ / दृळ्हा¹
dṛḷhaú / dṛḷhā́¹
दृळ्हान्
dṛḷhā́n
Instrumental दृळ्हेण
dṛḷhéṇa
दृळ्हाभ्याम्
dṛḷhā́bhyām
दृळ्हैः / दृळ्हेभिः¹
dṛḷhaíḥ / dṛḷhébhiḥ¹
Dative दृळ्हाय
dṛḷhā́ya
दृळ्हाभ्याम्
dṛḷhā́bhyām
दृळ्हेभ्यः
dṛḷhébhyaḥ
Ablative दृळ्हात्
dṛḷhā́t
दृळ्हाभ्याम्
dṛḷhā́bhyām
दृळ्हेभ्यः
dṛḷhébhyaḥ
Genitive दृळ्हस्य
dṛḷhásya
दृळ्हयोः
dṛḷháyoḥ
दृळ्हाणाम्
dṛḷhā́ṇām
Locative दृळ्हे
dṛḷhé
दृळ्हयोः
dṛḷháyoḥ
दृळ्हेषु
dṛḷhéṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic
Feminine ā-stem declension of दृळ्हा (dṛḷhā́)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative दृळ्हा
dṛḷhā́
दृळ्हे
dṛḷhé
दृळ्हाः
dṛḷhā́ḥ
Vocative दृळ्हे
dṛ́ḷhe
दृळ्हे
dṛ́ḷhe
दृळ्हाः
dṛ́ḷhāḥ
Accusative दृळ्हाम्
dṛḷhā́m
दृळ्हे
dṛḷhé
दृळ्हाः
dṛḷhā́ḥ
Instrumental दृळ्हया / दृळ्हा¹
dṛḷháyā / dṛḷhā́¹
दृळ्हाभ्याम्
dṛḷhā́bhyām
दृळ्हाभिः
dṛḷhā́bhiḥ
Dative दृळ्हायै
dṛḷhā́yai
दृळ्हाभ्याम्
dṛḷhā́bhyām
दृळ्हाभ्यः
dṛḷhā́bhyaḥ
Ablative दृळ्हायाः / दृळ्हायै²
dṛḷhā́yāḥ / dṛḷhā́yai²
दृळ्हाभ्याम्
dṛḷhā́bhyām
दृळ्हाभ्यः
dṛḷhā́bhyaḥ
Genitive दृळ्हायाः / दृळ्हायै²
dṛḷhā́yāḥ / dṛḷhā́yai²
दृळ्हयोः
dṛḷháyoḥ
दृळ्हाणाम्
dṛḷhā́ṇām
Locative दृळ्हायाम्
dṛḷhā́yām
दृळ्हयोः
dṛḷháyoḥ
दृळ्हासु
dṛḷhā́su
Notes
  • ¹Vedic
  • ²Brāhmaṇas
Neuter a-stem declension of दृळ्ह (dṛḷhá)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative दृळ्हम्
dṛḷhám
दृळ्हे
dṛḷhé
दृळ्हाणि / दृळ्हा¹
dṛḷhā́ṇi / dṛḷhā́¹
Vocative दृळ्ह
dṛ́ḷha
दृळ्हे
dṛ́ḷhe
दृळ्हाणि / दृळ्हा¹
dṛ́ḷhāṇi / dṛ́ḷhā¹
Accusative दृळ्हम्
dṛḷhám
दृळ्हे
dṛḷhé
दृळ्हाणि / दृळ्हा¹
dṛḷhā́ṇi / dṛḷhā́¹
Instrumental दृळ्हेण
dṛḷhéṇa
दृळ्हाभ्याम्
dṛḷhā́bhyām
दृळ्हैः / दृळ्हेभिः¹
dṛḷhaíḥ / dṛḷhébhiḥ¹
Dative दृळ्हाय
dṛḷhā́ya
दृळ्हाभ्याम्
dṛḷhā́bhyām
दृळ्हेभ्यः
dṛḷhébhyaḥ
Ablative दृळ्हात्
dṛḷhā́t
दृळ्हाभ्याम्
dṛḷhā́bhyām
दृळ्हेभ्यः
dṛḷhébhyaḥ
Genitive दृळ्हस्य
dṛḷhásya
दृळ्हयोः
dṛḷháyoḥ
दृळ्हाणाम्
dṛḷhā́ṇām
Locative दृळ्हे
dṛḷhé
दृळ्हयोः
dṛḷháyoḥ
दृळ्हेषु
dṛḷhéṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic

Descendants

  • Dardic:
    • Khowar: دوڑ (dóoḷ)
  • Bengali: দৃহ্ল (dŕhlo)
  • Pali: ḍaḷha
  • Sinhalese: දළ (daḷa)