官僚制
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Chinese
| bureaucratic; bureaucrat; apparatchik | system; to make; to manufacture system; to make; to manufacture; to control; to regulate | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| simp. and trad. (官僚制) |
官僚 | 制 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gun1 liu4 zai3
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): koaⁿ-liâu-chè
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄢ ㄌㄧㄠˊ ㄓˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: guanliáojhìh
- Wade–Giles: kuan1-liao2-chih4
- Yale: gwān-lyáu-jr̀
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guanliaujyh
- Palladius: гуаньляочжи (guanʹljaočži)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku̯än⁵⁵ li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: gun1 liu4 zai3
- Yale: gūn lìuh jai
- Cantonese Pinyin: gun1 liu4 dzai3
- Guangdong Romanization: gun1 liu4 zei3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuːn⁵⁵ liːu̯²¹ t͡sɐi̯³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koaⁿ-liâu-chè
- Tâi-lô: kuann-liâu-tsè
- Phofsit Daibuun: kvoaliauzex
- IPA (Xiamen): /kuã⁴⁴⁻²² liau²⁴⁻²² t͡se²¹/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kuã³³ liau²⁴⁻²² t͡se⁴¹/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /kuã⁴⁴⁻²² liau¹³⁻²² t͡se²¹/
- IPA (Taipei): /kuã⁴⁴⁻³³ liau²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡se¹¹/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /kuã⁴⁴⁻³³ liau²³⁻³³ t͡se²¹/
- (Hokkien)
Noun
官僚制
Related terms
- 官制 (guānzhì)
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | ||
|---|---|---|
| 官 | 僚 | 制 |
| かん Grade: 4 |
りょう Grade: S |
せい Grade: 5 |
| on’yomi | ||
Etymology
From 官僚 (kanryō, “bureaucrat”) + 制 (-sei, “system”).
Pronunciation
Noun
官僚制 • (kanryōsei) ←くわんれうせい (kwanreusei)?
Korean
| Hanja in this term | ||
|---|---|---|
| 官 | 僚 | 制 |
Noun
官僚制 • (gwallyoje or McCune-Reischauer: kwallyoje or Yale: kwanlyocey) (hangeul 관료제)
- Hanja form? of 관료제 (“bureaucracy”).