First attested in the Gugeupganibang eonhae (救急簡易方諺解 / 구급간이방언해), 1489, as Middle Korean 굳세〯다〮 (Yale: kwùt-sěy-tá), equivalent to 굳다 (gutda, “to be hard”) + 세다 (seda, “to be strong”).
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | gutseda |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | gudseda |
| McCune–Reischauer? | kusseda |
| Yale Romanization? | kwutseyta |
굳세다 • (gutseda) (infinitive 굳세 or 굳세어, sequential 굳세니)
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 굳세다 gutseda |
굳세 gutse |
굳세요, 굳세어요 gutseyo, gutseeoyo |
굳셉니다 gutsemnida |
| Past | 굳셌다 gutsetda |
굳셌어 gutsesseo |
굳셌어요 gutsesseoyo |
굳셌습니다 gutsetseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 굳세냐 gutsenya |
굳세 gutse |
굳세요, 굳세어요 gutseyo, gutseeoyo |
굳셉니까 gutsemnikka |
| Past | 굳셌냐 gutsennya |
굳셌어 gutsesseo |
굳셌어요 gutsesseoyo |
굳셌습니까 gutsetseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 굳세겠다 gutsegetda |
굳세겠어 gutsegesseo |
굳세겠어요 gutsegesseoyo |
굳세겠습니다 gutsegetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 굳세 gutse |
굳세서, 굳세어서 gutseseo, gutseeoseo |
굳세니 gutseni |
굳세니까 gutsenikka | |
| Contrast | 굳세지만 gutsejiman |
굳센데 gutsende |
굳세더니 gutsedeoni |
||
| Conjunction | 굳세고 gutsego |
||||
| Condition | 굳세면 gutsemyeon |
굳세야, 굳세어야 gutseya, gutseeoya |
|||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 굳셈 gutsem |
굳세기 gutsegi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 굳셌음, 굳세었음 gutsesseum, gutseeosseum |
굳셌기, 굳세었기 gutsetgi, gutseeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 굳센 gutsen | |||
| Future | 굳셀 gutsel | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain (해라체) | Informal (해체) | Polite (해요체) | Formal (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 굳세시다 gutsesida |
굳세셔 gutsesyeo |
굳세세요, 굳세셔요 gutseseyo, gutsesyeoyo |
굳세십니다 gutsesimnida |
| Past | 굳세셨다 gutsesyeotda |
굳세셨어 gutsesyeosseo |
굳세셨어요 gutsesyeosseoyo |
굳세셨습니다 gutsesyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 굳세시냐 gutsesinya |
굳세셔 gutsesyeo |
굳세세요, 굳세셔요 gutseseyo, gutsesyeoyo |
굳세십니까 gutsesimnikka |
| Past | 굳세셨냐 gutsesyeonnya |
굳세셨어 gutsesyeosseo |
굳세셨어요 gutsesyeosseoyo |
굳세셨습니까 gutsesyeotseumnikka | |
| Assertive | 굳세시겠다 gutsesigetda |
굳세시겠어 gutsesigesseo |
굳세시겠어요 gutsesigesseoyo |
굳세시겠습니다 gutsesigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 굳세셔 gutsesyeo |
굳세셔서 gutsesyeoseo |
굳세시니 gutsesini |
굳세시니까 gutsesinikka | |
| Contrast | 굳세시지만 gutsesijiman |
굳세신데 gutsesinde |
굳세시더니 gutsesideoni |
||
| Conjunction | 굳세시고 gutsesigo |
||||
| Condition | 굳세시면 gutsesimyeon |
굳세셔야 gutsesyeoya |
|||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 굳세심 gutsesim |
굳세시기 gutsesigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 굳세셨음 gutsesyeosseum |
굳세셨기 gutsesyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Present | 굳세신 gutsesin | |||
| Future | 굳세실 gutsesil | ||||